State volume

Hunter, L. C. (1985). A History of Industrial Power in the United States,Volume Two Steam Power. Charlottesville University of Virginia Press. 

The recommended dose of pemetrexed is 500 mg/m2 administered as an intravenous infusion over 10 min on Day 1 of each 21-day cycle. Pemetrexed is not metabolized to an appreciable extent and is primarily eliminated in the urine, with 70-90% of the dose recovered unchanged within the first 24 h following administration. Pemetrexed has a steady-state volume of distribution of 16.1 L. Pemetrexed is highly bound (approximately 81%) to plasma proteins. Binding is not affected by the degree of renal impairment. Plasma... 

One solution to the volume problem was proposed using moment analysis. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) can be derived from the area under the curve (AUC) and the area under the first moment curve (AUMC). 

Step 2 Use this molarity to calculate the amount of solute, Solute (in moles), in the stated volume, V (in liters), of solution ... 

Liquid state volume and shape The state in which a substance has a definite volume, but... 

From the mean residence time MRT, the area under the curve AUC and the administered dose D, one can derive the steady-state volume of distribution of... 

In the special case of a one-compartment open model, it can easily be shown that the steady-state volume is identical to the plasma volume Vp which has been defined before in Section 39.1.1 (eq. (39.12)) ... 

The pipette has a stated volume of 25 ml. However, due to the manufacturing process the actual volume of liquid from a particular pipette filled to the calibration mark (ignoring any random errors) is found to be 25.02 ml. This is within the permitted tolerance for a 25 ml Class A pipette ( 0.03 ml according to BS 1583 1986 [6]). This is a systematic error, as the volume of liquid delivered from the pipette will always be 0.02 ml greater than the stated volume each time the... 

In Table 2 Diels-Alder reactions are complied showing ratios of activation volume to reaction volume that are smaller than or close to unity (0 = AV /AV < 1) and in Table 3 those that are close to or even larger than unity (0 > 1). Within the scope of transition state theory, the activation volume can be considered to be a measure of the partial molar volume of the transition state [AV = F — F (reactants)]. Accordingly, the transition state volumes of these reactions are close to or even smaller than the... 

The observation that the transition state volumes in many Diels-Alder reactions are product-like, has been regarded as an indication of a concerted mechanism. In order to test this hypothesis and to gain further insight into the often more complex mechanism of Diels-Alder reactions, the effect of pressure on competing [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] or [4 + 4] cycloadditions has been investigated. In competitive reactions the difference between the activation volumes, and hence the transition state volumes, is derived directly from the pressure dependence of the product ratio, [4 + 2]/[2 + 2]p = [4 + 2]/[2 + 2]p=i exp —< AF (p — 1)/RT. All [2 + 2] or [4 + 4] cycloadditions listed in Tables 3 and 4 doubtlessly occur in two steps via diradical intermediates and can therefore be used as internal standards of activation volumes expected for stepwise processes. Thus, a relatively simple measurement of the pressure dependence of the product ratio can give important information about the mechanism of Diels-Alder reactions. 

The most important VD value for dictating the dosing regimen is the steady-state volume of distribution (VDSS). This volume represents the extent of distribution when the rate of transit to and from the tissues is equal. It is more representative of a time-averaged volume of distribution and its value will reside somewhere in between VDC and VDp. The steady-state VD is calculated from the mean-residence time (MRT). 

The automatic pipette (Figure 2.1) dispenses a stated volume of liquid when filled with liquid used in the assay from tip (B) to tip (C) and is allowed to drain out in the normal manner. D is connected to an aspirator which is placed above the pipette so as to enable the solution to flow under gravity. 

Distribution - Argatroban has an apparent steady-state volume of distribution is 174 mL/kg. It is 54% bound to human serum proteins. 

Alendronate - Mean steady-state volume of distribution (exclusive of bone) is 28 L or more. Protein binding in plasma is about 78%. 

Risedronate - The mean steady-state volume of distribution is 6.3 L/kg plasma protein binding is about 24%. Mean oral bioavailability is 0.63% and is decreased when administered with food. 

Carvedilol is more than 98% bound to plasma proteins (primarily albumin). It has a steady-state volume of distribution of approximately 115 L, indicating substantial distribution into extravascular tissues. Plasma clearance ranges from 500 to 700 mL/min. 

Pharmacokinetics The in vitro plasma protein binding of tigecycline ranges from approximately 71% to 89% at concentrations observed in clinical studies. The steady-state volume of distribution of tigecycline averaged 500 to 700 L (7 to 9 L/kg), indicating tigecycline is extensively distributed beyond the plasma volume and into the tissues. 

Distribution - The steady-state volume of distribution after IV administration was 0.74 L/kg. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations obtained 0.25 and 5.67 hours post-dose in 3 patients who received 2.5 mg/kg ganciclovir IV every 8 or 12 hours ranged from 0.31 to 0.68 mcg/mL, representing 24% to 70% of the respective plasma concentrations. Binding to plasma proteins was 1 % to 2% over ganciclovir concentrations of 0.5 and 51 mcg/mL. 

Distribution - Plasma protein binding of ganciclovir is 1% to 2%. When ganciclovir was administered IV, the steady-state volume of distribution of ganciclovir was about 0.703 L/kg (n = 69). 

The steady-state volume of distribution following IV administration of a 1.5 mg dose averaged 0.534 L/kg. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained from 9 patients at 2 to 3.5 hours following 0.06 or 0.09 mg/kg IV infusion showed measurable concentrations of zalcitabine. The CSFiplasma concentration ratio ranged from 9% to 37% (mean, 20%), demonstrating drug penetration through the blood-brain barrier. 

Mean serum clearance values ranged from 9.4 to 28.9 mL/min/kg and were independent of dose. Mean terminal elimination half-life values ranged from 8 minutes to 4.3 hours and mean steady-state volume of distribution values ranged from 0.25 to 2.88 L/kg. IV dosing 3 times/week for 2 weeks resulted in no accumulation of interferon beta-la or beta-lb in the serum of patients. 

The volume of distribution is a parameter that can be calculated from plasma drug concentration versus time data (expressed as area under the curve or AUC), according to the two equations shown below, for terminal or steady-state volume of distribution, respectively. 

Like fluconazole, voriconazole (Muijsers et al., 2002) is polar, with moderate aqueous solubility (0.5 mg/mL), resulting in rapid absorption (maximum concentration achieved in less than 2 h) and oral bioavailability (96%). Moderate food effects have been observed. Distribution is wide with a steady-state volume of 4.6L/kg and moderate binding to plasma proteins (58%). 

Abbreviations include PT, preterm neonate T, term neonate Vj gg, apparent steady state volume of distribution and tij2, half-Ufe. 

The time required for achieving the steady-state concentration depends on the value of Cq and the precision required. Take the required precision to be 1% relative. If Cq < pa /D, then the condition of t —> oo is roughly satisfied when Dtja > 2. If Co > pg /(3D), then steady state is reached when Df/g is greater than (4/7i )ln[100 8Q/7i —96/ti ], where Q=Co/[pg /(3D)]. The steady-state volume-average concentration corresponds to a steady-state apparent age of... 

Bose-Einstein Condensate phase of matter that is created just above absolute zero when atoms lose their individual identity Boyle s Law law that states volume of a gas is inversely related to its pressure Breeder Reactor type of nuclear reactor that creates or breeds fissionable plutonium from nonfissionable U-238 Buckministerfullerene Cg, allotrope of carbon consisting of spherical arrangement of carbon, named after architect Buckmin-ister Fuller, Invertor of geodesic dome Buffer a solution that resists a change in pH... 

Charles s Law law that states volume of a gas is directly related to its absolute temperature... 

Pharmacokinetics Complete and consistent blocking of the IL-2 receptor is maintained as long as serum basiliximab levels exceed 0.2pg/ml. As concentrations fall below this level, expression of IL-2 receptor returns to pre-therapy values within 1-2 weeks. Basiliximab has a steady-state volume of distribution of 9 liters and total body clearance of 41 ml/h. Its elimination half-life ranges from 7 to 10 days. There is a dose-proportional increase in peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) up to the highest tested single dose of 60 mg. No clinically relevant influence of body weight or gender on distribution volume or clearance has been observed in adult patients. Elimination... 

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