Materials damage assessment

Lipfert, F.W. Dupuis, L.R. Schaedler, J.S. Methods for Mesoscale Modeling for Materials Damage Assessment, Brookhaven National Laboratory Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, BNL 37508, April 1985. 

Guidelines on Employers Liability and Public Liability Risk Assessment in the Chemical Industry (1992) Guidelines on Material Damage Risk Assessment in the Chemical Industry (3rd edn) (1992)... 

Many tests have been used to estimate or evaluate the explosive power of materials by assessing the damage done to the surroundings. At TCC-RMD we have adopted a modified version of the well-known Trauzl test. This test gives a relative measure of the power of an explosive and a qualitative indication of its sensitivity. In our modification of the test, the lead block used is a cylinder 2-1/2 inches high, 2 inches outer diameter with a cavity bored out so that the walls and bottom are 1/2-inch thick. 

The objective of efforts to assess the economic consequences of pollution-induced materials damages is to estimate differences in the sums of consumer surpluses and producer quasi-rents over two or more policy-relevant pollution levels. Consumer surplus portrays the difference between the maximum a representative consumer would be willing to commit himself to pay for a given quantity of a... 

The current capability for economic assessment of materials damage then depends heavily on the extrapolation of test conditions to the real world. The real world of today s built environment differs from both current and past testing conditions in many important ways. It is the purpose of this paper to explore these differences on a theoretical basis and to consider whether the concomitant uncertainties in the prediction of reduced service lives are tractable and whether Important biases are involved. 

Girshovich. S.. Gottesman, T., Rosenthal, H Drukker. E., and Steinberg, Y, (1992). Impact damage assessment of composites. Damage Detection in Composite Materials. ASTM, STP 1128. pp. 183 199. 

In addition to the hazards due to the toxic effects of chemicals, hazards due to flammability, explosibility, and reactivity need to be considered in risk assessment. These hazards are described in detail in the following sections. Further information can be found in Bretherick s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards (Bretherick, 1990), an extensive compendium that is the basis for the lists of incompatible chemicals included in various reference works. Bretherick describes computational protocols that consider thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of a system to arrive at quantitative measures such as the Reaction Hazard Index (RHI). So-called "reactive" hazards arise when the release of energy from a chemical reaction occurs in quantities or at rates too great for the energy to be absorbed by the immediate environment of the reacting system, and material damage results. In addition, the "Letters to the Editor" column of Chemical Engineering News routinely reports incidents with explosive reaction mixtures or conditions. 

The cfrc composite can be used as an intrinsically smart material to assess damage during dynamic loading [64,65]. 

Chen PW, Chung DDL, Carbon fiber reinforced concrete as an intrinsically smart concrete for damage assessment during static and dynamic loading, ACI Materials Journal, 93(4), 341-350, 1996. 

Ohtsu M, Okamoto T, Yuyama S (1998) Moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission for cracking mechanisms in concrete. ACI Stracmral Journal 95(2) 87-95 Ohtsu M, Ohtsuka M (1998) Damage evolution by AE in the fracture process zone of concrete. J Materials, Cone. Struct. Pavement, JSCE, 599/V-40 177-184 Ohtsu M (2000) Moment tensor analysis of AE and SiGMA code. Acoustic Emis-sion-Beyond the Millennium. Elsevier, pp 19-34 Ouyang C, Landis E, Shah SP (1992) Damage assessment in concrete using acoustic emission. Nondestructive Testing of Concrete Elements and Structures, ASCE, pp 13-24... 

Construction and Building Materials 15(5-6) 217-224 Ohtsu M, Uchida M, Okamoto T, Yuyama S (2002) Damage assessment of reinforced concrete beams qualified by AE. ACI Stmctural Journal 99(4) 411-417... 

Many economic assessments of the cost of material damage from air pollution have been carried out. 

Sensing a materials accumulated damage at some location, often using surrogate material for damage assessment but preferably based on the accumulated damage of the actual component. 

Marshall, I. H. Composite Structures. Vols. 1, Analysis and Design Studied 2, Damage Assessment and Material Evaluation. New York Elsevier, 1987. 

If the analyses of the potential damages clearly reveal that only material damage and no personal damage occurred it wouldn t be classified as safety relevant function. It would be classified as severity class SO and no further risk assessment is needed. ISO 26262 those not define further requirements for such a function, such commercial risks must be controlled by means of other measures or standards (Fig. 4.13). 

W. Hoffelner, Damage assessment in structural metallic materials for advanced nuclear plants, J. Mater. Sci. 45 (2010) 2247-2252. 

Andrady, A.L., Hamid, H.S., Torikai, A. Ch. 7. Effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on materials damage. In The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel Report for 2006, pp. 185-200. http //ozone.unep.org/pdfs/Final%20UNEP%202006% 20Report.pdf... 

Furthermore, in some cases, AVT can possibly help also to limit the number of on-site and laboratory tests of materials, which are time-consuming and cost-ineffective. Other possible applications of ambient vibration-based modal analysis in the field of historic structures are for evaluation of the effects of repair interventions or in order to perform dynamics-based damage assessment. 

Avendano-Valencia L, Fassois S (2013) Generalized stochastic constraint TARMA models for in-operation identification of wind turbine non-stationary dynamics. In Basu B (ed) Key engineering materials (volumes 569-570) - damage assessment of structures X. Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, pp 587-594... 

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