Nanotechnology carbon

Williams KA, Veenhuizen PTM, de la Torre BG, Eritja R, Dekker C (2002) Nanotechnology -Carbon nanotubes with DNA recognition. Nature 420 761. 

McEuen, P. L. Nanotechnology Carbon-based electronics. Nature (London) 1998 393. 15. 

Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova, PhD, is currently a professor and researcher at the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Monterrey, Mexico. She received her MS in crystallography in 1994 from Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, and her PhD in materials in 2001 from the UANL, Mexico. She received the UANL Research Award in 2001 for her work in research and publications, as well as the TECNOS Award from the State Government of Nuevo Leon in 2004 for several of her research works. She is a member of National Researchers System (Level I), Mexican Academy of Science, and the Materials Research Society. Dr. Kharissova is also the coauthor of 2 books and 60 articles and has 2 patents. Her research interests include nanotechnology (carbon nanotubes, nanometals, and fullerenes), microwave irradiation, and crystallography. 

Dexter J. Carbon Nanotubes Enable Pumpless Liquid Cooling System for Computers IEEE Spectrum s nanotechnology blog. URL http spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/ semiconductors/nanotechnology/carbon-nanotubes-enable-pumpless-liquid-cooling-system-for-computers. 

Carbon with its wide range of sp bond hybridisation appears as the key element of a future nanotechnology. However, so far there is almost no control over the formation processes, and the structures of interest cannot be built at will. Tubes, for example, are produced under the very virulent conditions of a plasma discharge and one would like to have more elegant tools to manipulate the carbon structures, a task which remains a challenge for the future. 

E.l You have become very excited about the possibilities of nanotechnology, especially the creation of fibers one atom wide. Suppose you were able to string together 1.00 mole of silver atoms, which have a radius of 144 pm, by encapsulating them in carbon nanotubes (see Box 14.1). How long could the fiber extend ... 

A recently discovered form of fibrous carbon consists of concentric tubes with walls like sheets of graphite rolled into cylinders. These tiny structures, called nanotubes, form strong, conducting fibers with a large surface area. As a consequence, they have unusually interesting and promising properties that have become a major thrust of nanotechnology research (Box 14.1). 

The tiny structures such as spheres and tubes formed by carbon atoms are the basis for a large part of the field of nanotechnology. Boron nitride forms similar structures. See Box 14.1. 

There is currently considerable interest in processing polymeric composite materials filled with nanosized rigid particles. This class of material called "nanocomposites" describes two-phase materials where one of the phases has at least one dimension lower than 100 nm [13]. Because the building blocks of nanocomposites are of nanoscale, they have an enormous interface area. Due to this there are a lot of interfaces between two intermixed phases compared to usual microcomposites. In addition to this, the mean distance between the particles is also smaller due to their small size which favors filler-filler interactions [14]. Nanomaterials not only include metallic, bimetallic and metal oxide but also polymeric nanoparticles as well as advanced materials like carbon nanotubes and dendrimers. However considering environmetal hazards, research has been focused on various means which form the basis of green nanotechnology. 

Biopolymers have diverse roles to play in the advancement of green nanotechnology. Nanosized derivatives of polysaccharides like starch and cellulose can be synthesized in bulk and can be used for the development of bionanocomposites. They can be promising substitutes of environment pollutant carbon black for reinforcement of rubbers even at higher loadings (upto SOphr) via commercially viable process. The combined effect of size reduction and organic modification improves filler-matrix adhesion and in turn the performance of polysaccharides. The study opens up a new and green alternative for reinforcement of rubbers. 

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a set of materials with different structures and properties. They are among the most important materials of modern nanoscience and nanotechnology field. They combine inorganic, organic, bio-organic, coUoidal, and polymeric chemistry and are chemically inert. They are insoluble in any solvent and their chemistry is in a key position toward interdisciphnary applications, for example, use as supports for catalysts and catalytic membranes [20, 21]. 

In general, nanotechnology MBBs are distinguished for their unique properties. They include, for example, graphite, fullerene molecules made of various numbers of carbon atoms (C60, C70, C76, C240, etc.), carbon nanotubes, nanowires, nanocrystals, amino acids, and diamondoids [97]. All these molecular building blocks are candidates for various applications in nanotechnology. 

Another example of nanotechnology research is an attempt to develop biological molecules that can interact with fullerene, Cgo. By themselves, Cgo molecules are difficult to manipulate because they are greasy and inert. Scientists envision using proteins bound to Cgo, like the one illustrated here, as molecular machines that can deliver Cgo units to build larger carbon structures. 

SWNTs (HiPco, Carbon Nanotechnologies Incorporated) were shortened by ultrasonication with a probe-type sonicator in mixed acids (H2SO4 and HNO3) under ice-cooling. After diluting the mixture with water (MiliQ), the shortened SWNTs were purified by filtration through a PTFE membrane filter (pore size 1 pm or 0.2 pm) or by chromatography (Sepadex G-50). 

Poland, C.A. et al. (2008) Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestoslike pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nature Nanotechnology, 3 (7), 423-428. 

Mitchell, L.A. et al. (2009) Mechanisms for how inhaled multiwalled carbon nanotubes suppress systemic immune function in mice. Nature Nanotechnology, 4 (7), 451 156. 

Wang, H. F. et al. (2004) Biodistribution of carbon single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 4 (8), 1019—1024. 

Kostarelos, K. et al. (2007) Cellular uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes is independent of functional group and cell type. Nature Nanotechnology, 2 (2), 108-113. 

Kagan, V.E. et al. (2010) Carbon nanotubes degraded by neutrophil myeloperoxidase induce less pulmonary inflammation. Nature Nanotechnology,... 

Tutak, W. et al. (2009) Toxicity induced enhanced extracellular matrix productionin osteoblastic cells cultured on single-walled carbon nanotube networks. Nanotechnology, 20 (25). 255101. 

A. Guiseppi-Elie, C.H. Lei, and R.H. Baughman, Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase on carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 13, 559-564 (2002). 

E. Buzaneva, A. Karlash, K. Yakovkin, Y. Shtogun, S. Putselyk, D. Zherebetskiy, A. Gorchinskiy, G. Popova, S. Prilutska, O. Matyshevska, Y. Prilutskyy, P. Lytvyn, P. Scharff, and P. Eklund, DNA nanotechnology of carbon nanotube cells physico-chemical models of self-organization and properties. Mat. Sci. Eng. C-Bio. S. 19, 41 15 (2002). 

Warheit, D.B., B.R. Laurence, K.L. Reed, D.H. Roach, G.A. Reynolds, T.R. Webb, Lung toxicity bioassay study in rats with single-wall carbon nanotubes. Proceedings of the ACS Symposium Series, 890 (Nanotechnology and the Environment), 2005, pp. 67-90. 

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