Marsh Soils

Gallagher, J.L., S.E. Robinson, WJ. Pfeiffer, and D.M. Seliskar. 1979. Distribution and movement of toxaphene in anaerobic marsh soils. Hydrobiologia 63 1-9. 

Devai I, Delaune RD. 1995. Evidence for phosphine production and emission from Louisiana and Florida marsh soils. Organic Geochemistry 23 277-279. 

Figure 4. Emissions of H->S and DMS from a I. roemerianus marsh, soil temperature and insolation, St. Marks, Florida, Januaiy 25-27,1986.

Gardner, W.S., and Hanson, R.B. (1979) Dissolved free amino acids in interstitial waters of Georgia salt marsh soils. Estuaries 2, 113-118. 

King, GM. (1983) Sulfate reduction in Georgia salt marsh soils an evaluation of pyrite formation by use of 35 S and 55Fe tracers. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28, 987-995. 

Nyman, J.A. (1999) Effect of crude oil and chemical additives on metabolic activity of mixed microbial populations in fresh marsh soils. Microb. Ecol. 37, 152-162. 

Buresh, R., DeLaune, R., and Patrick, W. (1981). Influence of Spartina alternijlora on nitrogen loss from marsh soil. Soil Sd. Soc. Am. J. 45, 660-661. 

Hanson, R. B. (1977b). Comparison of nitrogen fixation activity in tall and short Spartina alternijlora salt marsh soils. AEM 33, 596-602. 

Sherr, B. S., and Payne,. (1978). Effect of the Spartina alternijlora root-rhizome system on salt marsh soil denitrifying bacteria. Appl. Environ. Micro. 35, 724—729. 

Nitrogen fixation in the marine environment occurs in benthic (sediments and microbial mats) and pelagic environments, and in salt marsh soils (see Carpenter and Capone, Chapter 4, this volume). Since very diverse microorganisms that span the Bacteria and Archaea domains of life can fix nitrogen, it is often difficult to ascertain which organisms are responsible for observed nitrogen fixation rates. Our discussion of the application of molecular approaches to the study of marine nitrogen fixation is brief because it has been reviewed extensively elsewhere (Carpenter and Capone, Chapter 4, this volume Foster and O MuUan Chapter 27, this volume Scanlan and Post, Chapter 24, this volume Paerl and Zehr, 2000 Zehr and Ward, 2002 Zehr et al., 2003). 

Rabenhorst M. C. and James B. R. (1992) Iron sulfidization in tidal marsh soils. In Biomineralization Processes of Iron and Manganese Modem and Ancient Environments (eds. H. C. W. Skinner and R. W. Fitzpatrick). Catena-Verlag, Cremlingen-Dested, Germany, suppl. 21, pp. 218-263. 

Brackish marsh soil 7-70 N assay Tobias et al. (2001a)... 

Giani L., Dittrich K., Marstfeld-Hartmann A., and Peters G. (1996) Methanogenesis in salt marsh soils of the North Sea coast of Germany. Euro. J. Soil Sci. 47, 175-182. 

There is little information on the presence of anaerobic FeOB in the rhizosphere. A preliminary survey of a Maryland tidal freshwater marsh soil indicated that nitrate-reducing anaerobic FeOB were present, albeit in low numbers ( 10 to 10 cells niL i Emerson, unpublished data). In freshwater sediments, Straub and Buchholz-Cleven (1998) found greater numbers of anaerobic nitrate-reducing FeOB (1 X 10 to 5 X 10 cells g ) than anaerobic phototrophic FeOB (0.1 to 3.9 X 10 cells g ). 

Brannon, J. M. (1973). Seasonal variation of nutrients and physiochemical properties in the salt marsh soils of Barataria Bay, Louisiana. M.S. Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. 

Reports on H2S emissions from common mineral soils are not very consistent and in part contradictory. For example, Bloomfield (1969) and Siman and Jansson (1976) detected the evolution of H2S from water-logged soils amended with sulfate and incubated under nitrogen atmosphere, whereas Banwart and Bremner (1976), who studied 25 soils from Iowa, failed to detect H2S under any conditions, even the most favorable ones. The latter authors ascribe the lack of H2S emission to sorption by the soils, possibly accompanied by fixation as FeS. The field measurements of Jaeschke et al. (1978, 1980) indicate that normally aerobic soils absorb H2S rather than emit it. Farwell et al. (1979), who studied agriclutural, forest, and marsh soils, also found only the last type to emit measurable quantities of H2S. Delmas et al. (1980), by contrast, found H2S to evolve from various soils in France, whose classification was not given but that cannot have differed much from those studied by Jaeschke et al. (1978). 

A higher content of magnesium is characteristic of basic and ultrabasic magmatic and metamorphic rocks (e.g., basalt and serpen-tinite) and their weathering products. Mg-rich rock-forming minerals are biotite and other dark-colored silicate minerals, as well as serpentine. In the case of the serpentinite soils, a Mg-adapted natural vegetation has developed. In the case of sediments, dolomite is a Mg-rich limestone young sediments deposited from seawater are also Mg-rich, as can be seen in marsh soils. 

In a comparison of how N fertilizers that also contained S affected the elemental composition of celery (Apium graveolens) grown on polluted marsh soil, Schnug and Schnier (1986) observed that with the use of ammonium sulfate (as compared with urea or calcium ammonium nitrate) there was a conspicuous increase in total S, accompanied by a significant decrease in Mo concentration of up to 80% (Figure 15.1). In soils that are inherently poor in available Mo, or where its availability is limited by acid conditions, addition of S fertilizer may further aggravate... 

Schnug, E., and Schnier, C. (1986). The effect of sulfur-containing nitrogen fertilizers on the elemental composition of celery (Apium graveolens) grown on polluted marsh soil. Plant Soil 91 273. ... 

S. and Andreu, L. (2000) Calcium- and iron-related phosphorus in calcareous and calcareous marsh soils sequential chemical fractionation and P nuclear magnetic resonance study. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31, 2483-2499. 

Although this definition primarily focuses on uplands, in a broader sense, it does include soils that undergo periodic or continuous flooding. Depending on scientific disciplines and ecosystems, soils saturated with water are often called flooded soils, wetland soils, waterlogged soils, and marsh soils. Soil scientists have used terms such as flooded soils, waterlogged soils, and paddy soils. Ecologists refer to these systems as wetland soils. Now, wetland soils have been defined as hydric soils. 

There are two types of marsh soils freshwater marsh soils and saltwater marsh soils. These soils are generally permanently waterlogged. Freshwater marshes occur in the areas adjacent to lakes and streams, whereas saltwater marshes occur in estuaries. Typical characteristics of these soils are... 

These soils closely resemble Histosols except that marsh soils have a wider range of organic carbon content when compared to that of 30-45% for Histosols. 

Saltwater marsh soils under flooded conditions have neutral pH and support salt-tolerant plants. Many of these soils contain large amounts of FeSj. Pyrite formation occurs as a result of high sulfate concentrations of seawater associated with high concentrations of Fe + in the sediments and rapid accumulation of organic matter (see Chapter 11 for details). 

Floodwater Flooded soils Freshwater sediments Ocean sediments Marsh soils... 

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