Wetlands soils

Vepraskas MJ, Faulkner SP. Redox chemistry of hydric soils. In Richardson JL, Ve-praskas MJ, editors. Wetland Soils Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification. Boca Raton CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group 2001. pp. 85-105. 

Tsutsuki, K., Esaki, I. and Kuwatsuka, S. (1994). CuO-oxidation products of peat as a key to the analysis of the paleo-environmental changes in a wetland. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 40 107-116. 

Kotsyurbenko OR, Nozhevnikova AN, Soloviova TI, Zavarin GA. 1996. Methano-genesis at low temperatures by microflora of tundra wetland soil. Ant V Leeuwenhoek 69 75-86. 

Because of their often high biological productivity and low rates of decomposition under anoxia, wetlands are one of the largest terrestrial sinks for carbon. They account for about a third of the soil carbon globally (Table 1.4). However there are large differences between wetland types. Organic wetland soils tend... 

The principal distinguishing feature of wetland soils is that they develop under predominantly anoxic conditions. Although anoxia is also sometimes found in other ecosystems, it prevails in wetlands and dominates soil properties. Because of the very large organic matter content of some wetland soils, a rough separation into organic and mineral types based on organic matter content is a useful delineation. 

The USDA (1999) defines organic wetland soils as having an organic carbon content of at least 12 % if the mineral fraction has no clay, 18 % if > 60 % clay, or 12-18 % if < 60 % clay. Further differentiation is based on the botanical origin of the organic matter-whether mosses, herbaceous plants, or woody plants-and its state of decomposition fibrists contain predominantly recognizable, little-decomposed plant debris, saprists predominantly well-decomposed plant debris. 

Table 1.6 The main wetland soils in riverine and coastal landforms... 

AG° = -17.7kJmor at pH 7. Consequently the microbes mediating the decomposition derive less energy and produce fewer cells per unit of carbon metabolized. The accnmnlation of organic matter in marshes and peat bogs illns-trates this point. (Bnt note the rarity of tropical wetland soils with large organic matter contents, discnssed in Section 3.7.)... 

For discussion of the ecology of wetland soils and water see Mitsch and Gosselink (2000) for natural wetlands, Roger (1996) for wetland riceflelds, and Catling (1992) for the additional niceties of deepwater riceflelds. 

This chapter is concerned with the different types of wetland soil as sources, sinks and transformers of nutrients, particular nutrient deficiencies and mineral toxicides that commonly arise following submergence, and the fate of pollutants that are commonly added to submerged soils, both accidentally and intentionally. 

Ponnamperuma EN. 1985. Chemical kinetics of wetland rice soils relative to soil fertility. In Wetland Soils Characterization, Classification and Utilization. Manila International Rice Research Institute, 71-89. 

Karathanasis, A.D. Thompson, Y.L. (1995) Mineralogy of iron precipitates in a constructed acid mine drainage wetland. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59 1773-1781... 

Ontario, ranged from 80 to 5,100 ppm (Duke 1980b). A study of wetland soil-sediment in Sudbury found 9,372 and 5,518 ppm of nickel at sites located 2.0 and 3.1 km from the smelter, respectively (Taylor and Crowder 1983). Nickel concentrations declined logarithmically with increasing distance from the smelter. This indicates that nickel accumulations result from atmospheric deposition and soil runoff (Taylor and Crowder 1983). 

Table 3.12 Arsenic concentrations in various lake, reservoir, pond, and wetland soils and sediments... 

Ireland North Bull Island salt marsh, Dublin Bay wetland soils New Zealand Lake Ohakuri sediments 0.004-0.036 (0.45 pm filtered) Doyle and Otte (1997)... 

Doyle, M.O. and Otte, M.L. (1997) Organism-induced accumulation of iron, zinc and arsenic in wetland soils. Environmental Pollution, 96(1), 1-11. 

Kalbitz, K. and Wennrich, R. (1998) Mobilization of heavy metals and arsenic in polluted wetland soils and its dependence on dissolved organic matter. Science of the Total Environment, 209(1), 27-39. 

Wennrich [167] optimised important accelerated solvent extraction parameters, such as extraction temperature and time, using a spiked wetland soil. The effect of small amounts of organic modifiers on the extraction yields was studied. An extraction temperature of 125 °C and ten-minute extractions performed three times proved optimal. Two accelerated solvent extraction-solid-phase microextraction procedures without and with an organic modifier (5% acetonitrile) were evaluated with respect to precision and detection limits. 

McLatchey, G. P., and K. R. Reddy. 1998. Regulation of organic matter decomposition and nutrient release in a wetland soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 27 1268-1274. 

Jokic, A., Cutler, J. N., Ponomarenko, E., van der Kamp, G., and Anderson, D. W. (2003). Organic carbon and sulfur compounds in wetland soils Insights on structure and transformation processes using K-edge XANES and NMR spectroscopy. Geochim. Cosmo-chim. Acta. 67, 2585-2597. 

Mersie, W. and C. Seybold (1996). Adsorption and desorption of atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine on Levy wetland soil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44 1925-1929. 

Lee, R.F., Ryan, C. (1979) Microbial degradation of organochlorine compounds in estuarine waters and sediments. In Proceedings of the Workshop of Microbial Degradation of Pollutants in Marine Environments. EPA-600/9-79-012. Washington D.C. Lee, S., Pardue, J.H., Moe, W.M., Valsaraj, K.T. (2003) Mineralization of desorption-resistant 1,4-dichlorobenzene in wetland soils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22, 2312-2322. 

Levy wetland soil, sorption equilibrium technique, 24°C, Mersie Seybold 1996)... 

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