Fouling, marine

Figure A3.10.2 The influence of corrosion (C) and marine fouling (F) on the perfonnance of a steel ship dry docked amuially for cleaning and painting [5].

The theory has been advanced that the rapid growth of marine fouling in the tropics may provide a protective shield which counteracts the effect of the greater activity of the hotter water, and LaQue" has pointed out that in flowing sea water, when no fouling organisms became attached to small fully immersed specimens, corrosion of steel at 11° C proceeded at 0-18 mm/y compared with 0-36 mm/y at 21° C. This increase corresponds with what would be expected from chemical kinetics, where the rate of reaction is approximately doubled for a rise of 10° C. 

This is presumably an estimated average curve, as no numerical data are quoted, and it may be assumed to refer to bare steel. This conclusion is not supported by the results of Volkening, whose main interest was in the effect of chlorination and who shows that although corrosion increased with velocity of chlorinated sea water, when plain sea water was used velocity had little effect. There can be no doubt that painting will very much reduce the effect of water speed, as also will marine fouling or slime. 

Distribution of steel pile corrosion as a function of marine exposure zone and marine fouling... 

Most of the published evidence suggests that marine fouling cover— particularly where it is continuous and well established — reduces corrosion rates of steels . Indeed, 35%o seawater is by no means the most corrosive of saline environments towards steel. Brackish water, as found in estuarine or certain other coastal areas, is considerably more aggressive towards steel, and careful design measures should be taken to ensure that effective corrosion control is achieved in such circumstances. 

Sneddon, A. D. and Kirkwood, D., Marine Fouling and Corrosion Interactions on Steels and Copper-Nickel Alloys, Proc. UK Corrosion 88 Conf., Inst. Corr. Sci. Tech. NACE (1988)... 

Marine fouling leading to the local production of HjS increases crack growth rate, but what the effect is when combined with CP is uncertain. Some of the factors mentioned earlier in connection with other steel corrosion problems are important to sulphide stress-corrosion cracking, (SSCC), eg. compositions, particularly C which usefully can be reduced to below 0.05%, S, microstructure and segregation . Compositional homogenisation by heat treatment can be beneficial ", whilst the presence of Cu in the... 

Marine fouling, namely, the attachment of such marine organisms as barnacles, algae, tubeworms, hydroids, and sponges to a surface im-... 

Devi, V.U. 1996. Bioaccumulation and metabolic effects of cadmium on marine fouling dressinid bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei (Rccluz). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 47-53. 

WHOI (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). Marine fouling and its prevention. U.S. Naval Institute. Annapolis. Ed. Iselin, C.O.D., 1952... 

Devi, V.U. Changes in oxygen consumption and biochemical composihon of the marine fouling dreissinid bivalve Mytilopsis... 

High pressure water jetting Marine fouling, loose rust and paint... 

This increased activity on the sea, in the sea, and under the sea focuses attention on the need for knowledge of the behavior of metals in these environments. It has been known for years that sea water will attack most of the common metals. In some service conditions, certain living organisms in the sea cause marine fouling on the exposed metal surfaces leading to corrosion or interference with functioning of the equipment. 

Holmstrom, C. and Kjelleberg, S., Bacterial interactions with marine fouling organisms, Biofilms Recent Advances in their Study, Evans, L.V., Ed., Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 101, 2000. 

Henschel, J.R. and Cook, P.A., The development of a marine fouling community in relation to the primary film of microorganisms, Biofouling, 2, 1, 1990. 

Bryozoans are of particular interest to researchers for two main reasons the variety of secondary metabolites that they contain, and because they are common marine fouling organisms. The interesting chemistry they possess, combined with a distinct paucity in ecological work on bryozoan secondary metabolites, means that this area still... 

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