Initial strength

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This approach makes it possible to model a vapor cloud explosion blast by consideration of the two major characteristics of such a blast. These are, first, its scale, as determined by the amount of combustion energy involved and, second, its initial strength, as determined by combustion rate in the explosion process. 

The blast resulting from the remaining unconfined and unobstructed parts of a cloud can be modeled by assuming a low initial strength. For extended and quiescent parts, assume minimum strength of 1. For more nonquiescent parts, which are in low-intensity turbulent motion, for instance, beeause of the momentum of a fuel release, assume a strength of 3. 

If environmental and atmospheric conditions are such that vapor cloud dispersion can be expected to be very slow, the possibility of unconfined vapor cloud detonation should be considered if, in addition, a long ignition delay is likely. In that case, the full quantity of fuel mixed within detonable limits should be assumed for a fuel-air charge whose initial strength is maximum 10. 

The blast originating from a hemispherical fuel-air charge is more like a gas explosion blast in wave amplitude, shape, and duration. Unlike TNT blast, blast effects from gas explosions are not determined by a charge weight or size only. In addition, an initial blast strength of the blast must be specified. The initial strength of a gas-explosion blast is variable and depends on intensity of the combustion process in the gas explosion in question. 

Experimental data (Section 4.1) may be used to estimate a blast s initial strength. These data indicate that deflagrative gas explosions may develop overpressures ranging from a few millibars under completely unconfined or unobstructed conditions to greater than 10 bars under severely confined and obstructed conditions. 

In summary, the potential explosive power of the vapor cloud can be expressed as four equivalent fuel-air charges whose initial strengths remain to be determined. 

Determine the initial strengths of the charges. A quick, simple, yet conservative approach to estimating the initial strengths of the four charges expressing the potential explosive power of the vapor cloud follows ... 

Assume that the three fuel-air charges identified above as sources of strong blast each has a maximum initial strength, 7. 

At 180-200 °C these fibres preserve 60-70% of their initial strength, whereas PAN fibres under these conditions practically lose their strength completely. 

With all humility, I acknowledge the initial strength derived for this book from Dr. Ashok Kumar, Head, Ultrasonics Division, National Physical Uaboratory, New Delhi, besides the unwavering encouragement from Dr. G.C. Saxena, Ex VC, Awadh University, Faizabad and Dr. BR Ambedkar University, Agra and Prof. P. Muruthamuthu, Ex VC Madurai Kamraj University, Dr. G.N. Pandey, BRNS and Dr. A.K. Tripathi, BARC. 

SA fiber showed high tensile strength and modulus of over 2.5 GPa and over 300 GPa, respectively. The initial strength was preserved after heat-treatment... 

Samples constructed from adherends which had been alkaline cleaned, lubricated or left untreated exhibited similar joint strength values and durability trends (Figure 10). Adhesive joints placed in the room temperature control environment or the 23 C water bath retained lOOZ and 92% of initial joint strength, respectively. Failure remained cohesive within the adhesive for all of the control samples and for the first 20 days of exposure in the 23 C water bath. After 20 days, some failure began to initiate at both the primer/steel and primer/topcoat interfaces. The adhesive/topcoat interface proved to be more durable than those found between the substrate/primer/topcoat layers. Samples exposed to the more severe salt fog, 60 C water bath and cycle tests were able to retain 70% to 50% of their initial strength over a 60-day exposure period. 

The data in Table 6-11 show the copolymer composition to be insensitive to the initiator for solvents of high polarity (1,2-dichloroethane and nitrobenzene) and also insensitive to solvent polarity for any initiator except the strongest (SbCl5). The styrene content of the copolymer decreases with increasing solvent polarity when SbCl5 is the initiator. The styrene content also decreases with decreasing initiator strength for the low-polarity solvent... 

The detonators employed for these tests should be reliable and their initiation strength must be checked. 

Initiating Power. Same as Initiating Efficiency Initiating Strength. Same as Initiating Efficiency Initiating Value. Same as Initiating Efficiency... 

The following data for nitroglycerine for the net expansion in the lead block (with water tamping), obtained when detonators of different initiating strength were used, have been reported by Naoiim [22] ... 

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