Design space

First of all, the architecture of the WBAN has to be defined. It includes decisions over the number and type of sensors to be included where the raw sensor data are to be processed what information is to be transmitted to where what technologies and protocols are to be used to transfer the information the technologies used to store the data and the topology of the WBAN. 

The second design aspect is the hardware of the system. This entails the design of the hardware elements, namely, the signal acquisition board and its interface with the sensors. It also covers the design of the wearable where the acquisition board is to be integrated, decisions over the location of the sensors with respect to the belly, the physical radio to be used to transmit the data, and the hardware of the physical device to receive the data. 

The fourth aspect is the interface design. Some of the decisions to be made include the following What type of visualisation is necessary What level of abstraction is necessary How will correct interpretation of the measurements be ensured What modality should be used to give feedback Should it be visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, or multimodal  

The type of interface is largely determined by who is going to use it and for what piupose. Therefore, the fifth design dimension is the decision of who the system is for. In the case of pregnancy monitoring, the system is used by both caregivers and parents, especially the mother to be. Moreover, the interface between the user and the system also includes the wearable itself, as it is in direct contact with the skin of the future mother. 

Finally, the timing within the pregnancy and the duration and frequency of the usage of the monitor also have some impact on the design of the system. These affect the required battery life, the type of algorithms to be used, the type of visualisation required to show the data gathered, and the level of comfort required by the 

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S olid Propellant ProcessingFactors in Rocket Motor Design, Space Vehicle Design Ciiteiia Monograph, SP-8075, NASA, Airport, Md., 1971. 

Plate-type design (space heaters) Type of heat exchanger characterized by a substantial proportion of its heat output being by way of radiant energy. 

Tolerances at the level of the corrector are comparable to those applying to the VLT 8-m telescopes, and easier to achieve in view of the increased design space. It shall be noted that in view of the size, and inevitable exposure to wind, sensitivity to wind excitation is of crucial importance. 

The process of formulation for any of the above is generically the same, beginning with some form of product specification and ending with one or more formulations that meet the requirements. Correct choice of additives or excipients is paramount in the provision of efficacy, stability, and safety. For instance, the excipients may be chemically or physically incompatible with the drug or they may exhibit batchwise variability to such an extent that at the extremes of their specification they may cause failure in achieving the desired drug release profile. In addition, some excipients, especially those that are hydroscopic, may be contraindicated if the formulation is to be manufactured in tropical countries. Flence formulators must work in a design space that is multidimensional in nature and virtually impossible to conceptualize. 

Effective exploration of the total design space, irrespective of complexity... 

Table 2 shows the design layout in terms of actual factor values and viscosity results from each experiment at room temperature. A set of candidate points in the design space is selected using the D-optimal criterion. In this work, 25 candidate points have been selected. 

Figures 5 and 6 show the response surfaces plotted for Property A and Property B, respectively. Note that two variables are plotted at once, with the values of the other variables fixed at levels chosen by the experimenter. The contours in the graph represent constant levels of the response. Fortunately, the computer allows rapid replotting for various levels of the fixed variables, as well as changing the identities of the fixed and floating variables, so that the entire design space can be investigated.

Note, however, there are two critical limitations to these "predicting" procedures. First, the mathematical models must adequately fit the data. Correlation coefficients (R ), adjusted for degrees of freedom, of 0.8 or better are considered necessary for reliable prediction when using factorial designs. Second, no predictions outside the design space can be made confidently, because no data are available to warn of unexpectedly abrupt changes in direction of the response surface. The areas covered by Figures 8 and 9 officially violate this latter limitation, but because more detailed... 

Methods employing low sample volumes (< pL) have been explored, which are aimed at the high-throughput and cost-effective exploration of the design space for chromatographic separations, especially related to bioanalytical techniques focused on large biomolecules analyses (proteins and peptides). 

Rosas J.G. Blanco M. Gonzalez J.M. Alcala M. Quality by design approach of a pharmaceutical gel manufacturing process, part 1 Determination of the design space. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011, 100 (10), 4432-4441. 

K. Muralikrishna, K.P. Madhavan, and S.S. Shah. Development of dividing wall distillation column design space for a specified separation. Trans. IchemE, 80(Part A) 155-165, 2002. 

PAT is maturing as new concepts to the pharmaceutical industry such as quality by design (QbD) are being clarihed. There is still a long way to go to create common practices and definitions (e.g., how to build, dehne, and describe a design space) but this is an area of increased activity with promise to improve manufacturing efficiencies and product quality in aU industries. A thorough discussion of how QbD can be used to ensure pharmaceutical quality is presented by Yu. ... 

Peterson has presented a Bayesian approach to defining the DS, which provides design space reliability as well, as it takes into account both model parameter uncertainty and the correlation structure of data. To aid in use of this approach, he proposes a means of organizing information about the process in a sortable spreadsheet, which can be used by manufacturing engineers to aid them in making informed process changes as needed, and continue to operate in the DS. 

Establishing a design space (factor s responses spaces)... 

CEC capillary electochromotography DS design space direct standardization... 

Figure 4.7 is the mean predicted response at a constant x calculated over the design space ofz, pxzis a predicted value ofy at a certain combination of x and z... 

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