Manganese manufacture

Maneb or mancozeb. Table 4-2 lists the facilities in the United States that manufacture or process the fungicide maneb, the intended use, and the range of maximum amounts that are stored on site. The data in Table 4-2 are derived from the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI97 1999). Only certain types of facilities were required to report. Therefore, as with the list of manganese manufacturers or processors, this is not an exhaustive list. In 1997, 3 facilities (in Arizona, New Jersey, and North Dakota) reported repackaging maneb and storing between 10,000 and 99,999 pounds of it on site. One facility in Georgia... 

Manufactured by the liquid-phase oxidation of ethanal at 60 C by oxygen or air under pressure in the presence of manganese(ii) ethanoate, the latter preventing the formation of perelhanoic acid. Another important route is the liquid-phase oxidation of butane by air at 50 atm. and 150-250 C in the presence of a metal ethanoate. Some ethanoic acid is produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethanol. Fermentation processes are used only for the production of vinegar. 

Seaweeds. The eadiest successful manufacture of iodine started in 1817 using certain varieties of seaweeds. The seaweed was dried, burned, and the ash lixiviated to obtain iodine and potassium and sodium salts. The first process used was known as the kelp, or native, process. The name kelp, initially apphed to the ash of the seaweed, has been extended to include the seaweed itself. About 20 t of fresh seaweed was used to produce 5 t of air-dried product containing a mean of 0.38 wt % iodine in the form of iodides of alkah metals. The ash obtained after burning the dried seaweed contains about 1.5 wt % iodine. Chemical separation of the iodine was performed by lixiviation of the burned kelp, followed by soHd-Hquid separation and water evaporation. After separating sodium and potassium chloride, and sodium carbonate, the mother Hquor containing iodine as iodide was treated with sulfuric acid and manganese dioxide to oxidize the iodide to free iodine, which was sublimed and condensed in earthenware pipes (57). 

The most important manganese(V) compound is K MnO, a key intermediate in the manufacture of potassium permanganate. Potassium manganate(V) is an easily crystallized salt obtained by reduction of potassium permanganate using sodium sulfite in strong sodium hydroxide solution. This was the first compound to be recognized as exclusively pentavalent. 

The United States consumption of manganese is distributed between three industries iron and steelmaking, where 88% of the Mn is consumed the manufacture of batteries, where 7% is used and chemical usage, which accounts for the remaining 5%. United States manganese demand is shown in Figure 12. 

Purchases of manganese ore are made on the basis of user requirements, individual specifications, and availabiUty. Most grades of manufactured manganese chemicals are subject to government and commercial specifications, many of which apply to specific uses. Prices of metallurgical manganese ore reached a high of 3.78/t in 1990 (Fig. 13). 

Manufacture. The only current U.S. manufacturer of trimesic acid is Amoco Chemical Co. It is produced by oxidation of mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) via the Hquid-phase oxidation in acetic acid using the cobalt— manganese—bromine catalyst system (138). This is a variant of the system used to produce terephthaUc and isophthaUc acids as well as trimellitic anhydride. American Bio-Synthetics Corp. did produce it by batch oxidation of mesitylene with potassium permanganate. 

Oxidation of sulfur dioxide in aqueous solution, as in clouds, can be catalyzed synergistically by iron and manganese (225). Ammonia can be used to scmb sulfur dioxide from gas streams in the presence of air. The product is largely ammonium sulfate formed by oxidation in the absence of any catalyst (226). The oxidation of SO2 catalyzed by nitrogen oxides was important in the eady processes for manufacture of sulfuric acid (qv). Sulfur dioxide reacts with chlorine or bromine forming sulfuryl chloride or bromide [507-16 ]. 

Iron and manganese Fe (ferrous) Fe" (ferric) Mn+ Discolors water, and results in the formation of deposits in water lines, boilers and other heat exchangers. Can interfere with dying, tanning, paper manufacture and various process works. 

The strength of mild steel can be improved by adding smaU amounts (not exceeding 0.1%) of niobium, which permits the manufacture of semikiUed steels with yield points up to 280 N/mm. By increasing the manganese... 

Manganese, tricarbonyl methylcyclopenta dienyl, 86 Manufacturers Association of Israel - MAI Manufacturers Chemicals L.P, 237, 249 MANZATE , maneb, 86 Maranda Mining Company (Pty) Ltd., 199 Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, 237 Marble, 86... 

Alkaline cells offer the highest energy density (more energy per given volume) of any zinc-manganese dioxide cell, and the manufacturers continue to improve on performance. In 1998, Duracell intro-... 

Nonmagnetic drill collars are manufactured from various alloys, although the most common are Monel K500 (approximately 68% nickel, 28% copper with some iron and manganese, and 316L austenitic stainless steel). A stainless steel with the composition of 0.06% carbon, 0.50% silicon, 17-19% manganese, less than 3.50% nickel, 12% chromium, and 1.15% molybdenum, with mechanical properties of 110 to 115 Ksi tensile strength is also used. 

The catalytic oxidation of long-chain paraffins (C18-C30) over manganese salts produces a mixture of fatty acids with different chain lengths. Temperature and pressure ranges of 105-120°C and 15-60 atmospheres are used. About 60 wt% yield of fatty acids in the range of C12-C14 is obtained. These acids are used for making soaps. The main source for fatty acids for soap manufacture, however, is the hydrolysis of fats and oils (a nonpetroleum source). Oxidation of paraffins to fatty acids may be illustrated as ... 

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