Neurite extension

Figure 4. Neurite outgrowth by LA-N-1 human neuroblastoma cells in culture. LA-N-1 human PNS neuroblastoma cells were grown for five days in N2 medium (as described by Bottenstein and Sato, 1979) on a polylysine and fibronectin-modified surface. The cells were plated in clumps, rather than as a single cell suspension, which enhances neurite extension. Very long processes result, and exhibit varicosities along their length. Most of the cells have migrated from the central clump. (Photo courtesy of Dr. jane Bottenstein.)...

Sugaya, A., Yuzurihara, M., Tsuda, T., Yasuda, K., Kajiwara, K., and Sugay, A. E. (1988). Proliferative effect of ginseng saponin on neurite extension of primary cultured neurons of the rat cerebral cortex. /. Ethnopharmacol. 22,173-181. 

Klerman GL, DiMascio A, Weissman MM, et al Treatment of depression by drugs and psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 131 186-191, 1984 Kleven MS, Seiden LS D-, L- and DL-fenfluramine cause long-lasting depletions of serotonin in rat brain. Brain Res 505 351-353, 1989 Kligman D, Marshak D Purification and characterization of a neurite extension factor from bovine brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82 7136-7139, 1985 Klimek V, Maj J Repeated administration of antidepressants enhances agonist affinity for mesolimbic D2 receptors. J Pharm Pharmacol 41 555-558, 1989 Klinkhamer P, Szelies B, Heiss WD Effect of phosphatidylserine on cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer s disease. Dementia 1 197-201, 1990... 

Fig. 3. Effects of PDMP isomers on neurite extension of rat neocortical explants. The explants were incubated for 2 days (top) without or (middle) with 15 /tM d-PDMP or (bottom) 15 fiM L-PDMP. The procedures were described in Usuki et al. (1996).

CaBPs Neurite extension Chemotactic activity Thymic hormone activity Extracellular matrix component... 

Lanks, K.W., Turnbull, J.D., Aloyo, V.J., Dorwin, J., Papirmeis-ter, B. (1975). Sulfur mustards induce neurite extension and acetylcholinesterase synthesis in cultured neuroblastoma cells. Exp. Cell Res. 93 355-62. 

Kligman D, Marshak DR (1985) Purification and characterization of a neurite extension factor from bovine brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 7136-7139. 

Dillon GP, Yu X, Sridharan A, Ranieri JP, Bellamkonda RV. The influence of physical structure and charge on neurite extension in a 3D hydrogel scaffold. / Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1998 9 1049-69. 

Burns FR, von Kannen S, Guy L, Raper JA, Kamholz J, et al. 1991. DM-GRASP, a novel immunoglobulin superfamily axonal surface protein that supports neurite extension. Neuron 7 209-220,... 

Kljavin IJ, Reh TA. 1991. Muller cells are a preferred substrate for in vitro neurite extension by rod photoreceptor cells. J Neurosci 11 2985-2994. 

In a recent work, it was shown that a neurotrophin (NT3) can be incorporated into poly pyrrole124 and released using mild electrical stimulation. These materials were found to promote a significant increase in neurite extension from a cochlear explant (Figure 1.17).125 At the skeletal level, materials capable of both monitoring and manipulating human movement are important. 

Kater and co-workers, working with identified neurons of the snail Helisoma in vitro, have shown that environmental factors can act to inhibit neurite extension rather than to stimulate it. The neurotransmitter serotonin, when added to the culture medium surrounding these neurons, causes an immediate cessation of neurite elongation (Haydon et al., 1984). This effect is associated with the direct inhibition of growth cone motile activities and the retraction of filopodia and lamellipodia, as shown by focal applications of serotonin to the growth cone with a micropipette. It has since been shown that the action of serotonin may be more complex, as it can stimulate neurite outgrowth if applied to... 

Humphries, M.J., Akiyama, S.K., Komoriya, A., Olden, K. and Yamada, K.M. (1988) Neurite extension of chicken peripheral nervous system neurons on fibronectin relative importance of specific adhesion sites in the central cellbinding domain and the alternatively spliced type 111 connecting segment. J. Cell Biol. 106 1989-1297. 

Bozyczko, D. and Horwitz, A. (1986) The participation of a putative cell surface receptor for laminin and fibronectin in peripheral neurite extension. J. Neurosci. 6 1241-1251. 

CNTF induces morphological as well as molecular differentiation of neurons. Embryonic mammalian and avian neurons cultured in the presence of CNTF manifest neurofilament-containing processes, although it cannot be ascertained whether CNTF actively stimulates neurite outgrowth or is merely permissive by virtue of its effect on neuronal survival. For several classes of molluscan neurons, however, the situation is clearer. These neurons survive without neurite extension in the absence of CNTF, but rapidly acquire neurites when CNTF is added to the culture medium (Bulloch et al., 1992). 

Hatten, M.E., Lynch, M., Rydel, R.E., Sanchez, J., Joseph-Silvestein, J., Moscateili, D. and Rifkin, D.B. (1988) In vitro neurite extension by granule neurons is dependent upon astroglial-derived fibroblast growth factor. Dev. Biol. 125 280-289. 

Walicke, P., Cowan, W.M., Ueno, N., Baird, A. and Guille-min, R. (1986) Fibroblast growth factor promotes survival of dissociated hippocampal neurons and enhances neurite extension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 3012-3016. 

Farmer, L. Sommer, J. and Monard, D. (1990) Glia-derived nexin potentiates neurite extension in hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro. Dev. Neurosci. 12 73-80. 

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