Mandatory rules

Mandatory Rules and Explanatory Material. Mandatory rules of this Codceece characterized by the use of the word shall. Explanatory material is in the form of Fine Print Notes (FPN). 

I was kindly received at Government House by the High Commissioner, Sir Alan Cunningham, who was so soon to lay down his authority as the representative of British mandatory rule in Palestine. 

The selection of S-phrases for all substances not in annex I of Dangerous Substance Directive [4-1] has to follow some principal rales. They should point out the most important safety measures necessary to avoid the risks expressed by the R-phrases. A selection of important S-phrases is listed in Table 4.2. The choice of the S-phrases is not free. The mandatory rules for substances with toxicological properties, laid down in annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC, are summarized in Table 4.3. The obligatory S-phrases, depending on the dedicated R-phrases, are hsted in Table 4.4. 

PCDD and PCDF can be released into the environment, and subsequently to the food chain, not only from these primary sources, but also from secondary sources, such as atmospheric deposition, point source emissions (various incinerators or industrial plants) and contaminated materials in the agroecosystem. For rmninants, the main route of dioxin intake is vegetation. For the aquatic ecosystem the main source of contamination is atmospheric deposition. In the initial phase, PCDD and PCDF (as well as other POPs) accumulate in the benthos, which is fed to animals at higher trophic levels. Often contamination of food sources as a result of violation of mandatory rules for their protection cannot be ruled out. Examples of problems that have occurred in developed European countries... 

Note 10—It is not possible to define universal mandatory rules for the preparation of crude oil test samples. Guidelines for sample handling for the most common situations are given in Appendix XI. 

Standard. This is a document contaiiting both mandatory provisions ("shall" rules) and advisory provisions ("should" recommendatioiis). 

Quality Control Records. Accurate quality control records are of utmost importance and may be required by law, as in the pharmaceutical industry. A few years ago, mandatory Good Manufacturing Practices were proposed for the cosmetic industry. Although the proposal was later dropped, many manufacturers go by the rules worked out at that time for laboratory testing and record keeping. The food industry also requires extensive testing and record keeping. 

VI-1.1.2 Cases. Cases represent alternatives or additions to existing Code rules. Cases are written as a question and reply, and are usually intended to be incorporated into the Code at a later date. When used, Cases prescribe mandatory requirements in the same sense as the text of the Code. However, users are cautioned that not all jurisdictions or owners accept Cases. The most common applications for Cases are... 

Material Safety Data Sheets, describing hazards and precautionary measures, have been produced for an equal period. Reviews of new products prior to commercialization have been mandatory in our company well before PMN rules appeared. 

With Dunlap casting the deciding vote, the Board ruled in November that, under the law, other dyes could not and should not be forbidden unless the Bureau of Chemistry (i.e. Hesse) could present evidence that the dyes in question were harmful to human health. Considering the number of dyes on the market, this was tantamount to rejecting mandatory certification. Still, the decision reached was inescapable to one concerned, as McCabe was, with the text of the law as enacted. The statute only expressly prohibited poisonous color in confectionary, and under the general adulteration clause, prohibited any added ingredient which would render a food harmful to health. This was as far as McCabe would go. The question of moral propriety was simply not relevant. It was the duty of the executive branch to enforce the law ns enacted, and not to legislate (59) ... 

As a rule of thumb it can be said that the electrical properties of an anodic oxide are found to improve for thin layers that are grown slowly, at low potentials and low current densities. A subsequent RTA process is mandatory if low leakage currents are required. 

FAA issues emergency rule for mandatory inspection of carry-on baggage and... 

Directive 75/318/EEC required that the dossier be presented in four highly structured parts Parts I, II, III, and IV. Directive 83/570/EEC was the amending Directive, which introduced the requirements for a draft SPC to be produced by the applicant. Volume 2B of The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union gave a detailed breakdown of the structure of a European regulatory dossier. This format was accepted until the end of June 2003 when a new format known as the Common Technical Document (CTD) became mandatory (see later). 

A transitional period is provided under each of these Directives so that during the period from the coming into force of the Directive until it is mandatory, manufacturers may choose whether to apply the Directive to their device or the national rules that were in force immediately prior to the date on which the Directive came into force. Erom the date a Directive becomes mandatory, a device that is covered by national law implementing that Directive must comply with it. 

To date, several studies have indicated that environmental stresses, such as ROS, may influence proteasome function in the central nervous system. If proteasome dysfunction specifically occurs in dopaminergic neurons, then the possibility that stress-dependent vulnerability of proteasomes ceases mandatory destruction of ubiquitinated proteins and influences the onset of PD can not be ruled out completely. However, these observations appear to be superficial so far and this point of view is only just beginning to emerge. Therefore, we think such paradigms are beyond the scope of this review and await future comprehensive analysis. 

Many researchers have investigated the use of amines and alcohols as initiators for the ROP of lactones. As a rule, amines and alcohols are not nucleophilic enough to be efficient initiators, and it is then mandatory to use catalysts to perform the polymerization successfully. Nevertheless, highly reactive p-lactones exhibit a particular behavior because their polymerization can be initiated by nucleophilic amines in the absence of any catalyst. As far as tertiary amines are concerned, the initiation step implies the formation of a zwitterion made up of an ammonium cation and a carboxylate anion, as shown in Fig. 20. Authors coined the name zwitterionic polymerization for this process [80]. Nevertheless, this polymerization is not really new because the mechanism is mainly anionic. Interestingly, Rticheldorf and coworkers did not exclude the possibility that, at least at some stage of the polymerization, chain extension takes place by step-growth polycondensation [81]. 

As a general rule of thumb, the more important the deal, the closer the customer intimacy. If a research laboratory buys a 100-g flask of sodium bicarbonate from a laboratory reagent company, it will place the order through email. If a virtual pharma company entrusts the total production of the API for its only drug to a custom manufacturer, a strong personal relationship is mandatory. 

Given that standards can and must be adopted, then the future of control may not lie in an extension of the present detailed regulatory requirements. Rather, there could be a move towards providing a simpler, more flexible framework for the control of the risks at local level, always providing that the local working rules adopted are acceptable to those who may be affected, coupled with an overriding requirement that the mandatory exposure standard must be met. 

Adverse Selection and Long-Term Hazards The Choice between Contract and Mandatory liabflity Rules. Journal of Legal Studies 21 (January) 189-215. 

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