Malignant melanoma antibodies

The active immunotherapeutic approach is specific and based on the premise that tumor antigens are immunogenic and the host is sufficientiy immunocompetent to mount an effective immune response to an autologous tumor. Theoretically, a weak or suppressed host immune system that had allowed the formation of a tumor may be overridden by active immunization or immunostimulation. In practice, vaccines composed of so-called autologous tumor extracts have been used to treat patients with malignant melanoma (73), and purified melanoma tumor-associated antigens have been used to ehcit antibody responses in melanoma patients (74). 

IL-2 promotes the growth of B cells for antibody production and induces the release of IFN-yand TNF (see below). It has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of different types of cancer, including metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal carcinoma. Examples of IL-2 for the treatment of malignant melanoma and a protein that targets IL-2 receptor in T-cell lymphoma are given in Exhibit 4.9. 

Boron seems to have an affinity for cancerous tumors, and this property has been exploited in radiation therapy (Hamada et al. 1983 Hatanaka 1986). Boron-10 has been used in neutron capture therapy to cure malignant sarcomas implanted in the hind legs of mice, as well as spontaneous malignant melanomas in pigs (Slatkin etal. 1986). The sulfhydral borane monomer (Bi2HnSH) is used as a B-10 carrier in neutron therapy of malignant human brain tumors and seems to be most effective at 30 pg B-lO/kg tissue (Hatanaka 1986). Polyhedral boranes attached to monoclonal antibodies that are tumor specific may become useful in tumor therapy by neutron irradiation (Parry... 

Pereira S, Van Belle P, Elder D, Maruyama H, Jacob L, Sivanandhan M, Wallack M, Siegel D, Herlyn D, Combinatorial antibodies against human malignant melanoma, Hybridoma, 16(1) 11—16, 1997. 

Paraneoplastic OM in adults has been described in association with SCLC, non-small cell lung cancer and carcinomas of the lung, breast, kidney, and gastric ventricle as well as malignant melanoma [62,76], Some patients harbor Ri antibodies, which may coexist with other onconeural antibodies [15]. 

Kloos L, Sillevis Smitt P, Ang CW, Kruit W, Stoter G. Paraneoplastic ophthalmoplegia and subacute motor axonal neuropathy associated with anti-GQlb antibodies in a patient with malignant melanoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003 74(4)507-509. 

Larson, S.M. Carrasquillo, J.A. Krohn, K.A. Diagnostic imaging of malignant melanoma with radiolabeled antitumor antibodies. JAMA 1983, 249, 811-812. 

Fetsch PA, Marincola FM, Filie A, et al. Melanoma-associated antigen recognized by T-cells (MART-1) The advent of a preferred immunocytochemical antibody for the diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma with fine needle aspiration. Cancer. 1999 87 37-42. 

Heegaard S, Jensen OA, Prause JU. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva and uvea comparison of the novel antibody against Melan-A with SlOO protein and HMB-45. Melanoma Res. 2000 10 350-354. 

Wick MR, Swanson PE, Rocamora A. Recognition of malignant melanoma by monoclonal antibody HMB-45 an immunohistochemical study of 200 paraffin-embedded cutaneous tumors. J Cutan Pathol. 1988 15 201-207. 

Blessing K, Sanders DS, Grant JJ. Comparison of immunohistochemical staining of the novel antibody melan-A with SlOO protein and HMB-45 in malignant melanoma and melanoma variants. Histopathology. 1998 32 139-146. 

Fernando SS, Johnson S, Bate J. Immunohistochemical analysis of cutaneous malignant melanoma comparison of SlOO protein, HMB-45 monoclonal antibody, and NKI/C3 monoclonal antibody. Pathology. 1994 26 16-19. 

Orchard GE. Comparison of immunohistochemical labeling of melanocyte differentiation antibodies melan-A, tyrosinase, and HMB-45 with NKI/C3 and SlOO protein in the evaluation of benign nevi and malignant melanoma. Histochem J. 2000 32 475-481. 

Springall DR, Gu J, Cocchia D, et al. The value of SlOO immu-nostaining as a diagnostic tool in human malignant melanomas a comparison using SlOO and neuron-specific enolase antibodies. Virchows Arch A. 1983 400 331-343. 

PSA has been found to stain scattered tumor cells from cutaneous malignant melanoma and its metas-tases." This should not create a diagnostic dilemma because prostate cancers are strongly and diffusely positive with LMW keratin antibodies such as CAM5.2, which is another illustration of the necessity of examining tumors with a panel of antibodies. 

Korabiowska M, Fischer G, Steinacker A, et al. Cytokeratin positivity in paraffin-embedded malignant melanomas comparative study of KLl, A4 and Lu5 antibodies. Anticancer Res. 2004 24 3203-3207. 

Jungbluth AA, Busam KJ, Gerald WL, et al. A103 An anti-melan-a monoclonal antibody for the detection of malignant melanoma in paraffin-embedded tissues. Am ] Surg Pathol. 1998 22 595-602. 

As known by most surgical pathologists, malignant melanomas may show significant variability in differentiation. Nearly all show immunostaining for S-100 protein and vimentin. Approximately 50% immuno-stain for human melanoma black-45 (HMB-45) antigen. Most stain for pan melanoma antibody. Rare melanomas immunostain for keratin, " which can cause diagnostic confusion. 

Beaty MW, Fetsch P, Wildet AM, et al. Effusion cytology of malignant melanoma. A motphologic and immunocytochemical analysis including application of the MART-1 antibody. Cancer. 1997 81 57-63. 

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