Major fatty acids palmitic

Despite the large variety of potential fatty acid components in natural-occurring phosphodiglycerides, only three major fatty acid derivatives of synthetic phospholipids are commonly used in liposome preparation (1) myristic acid (w-tetradecanoic acid containing 14 carbons), (2) palmitic acid (w-hexadecanoic acid containing 16 carbons), and (3) stearic acid (w-octadccanoic acid containing 18 carbons) (Fig. 334). 

Fatty acids and sphingosines. The lipid composition of the four monosialogangliosides is shown in Table II. The major fatty acids are palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. The long chain base is composed mainly of C-18 sphingosine with less than 20% of dihydrosphingosine. 

Palmitic acid was present in all thymus gangliosides as a major fatty acid, which is also in contrast to the fatty acid compositions of the various organs. 

Table II lists the increases for the four major fatty acids in the free fatty acid fraction. Collectively, palmitic (C. q), oleic (Cig.), linoleic (C g an< lin°lenic comprise greater...

Palmitic acid (C16 saturated) is the most common fatty acid in living things. Oleic acid (C g mono-unsaturated) is the major fatty acid in olive oil. Arachidonic acid (C20 tctra-unsaturated) is a rare fatty acid, which is the precursor of the very important prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, of which more later. 

Ruminant milk fats are characterized by a much greater variety of component fatty acids. Lower saturated acids with 4 to 10 carbon atoms are present in relatively large amounts. The major fatty acids are palmitic, oleic, and stearic. 

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale). Toschi et al. (91) have given details of the fatty acids, triacylglycerols, sterols, and tocopherols in cashew nut oil. The major fatty acids are palmitic (9-14%), stearic (6-12%), oleic (57-65%), and linoleic (16-18%), and the major triacylglycerols are OOO, POO, OOSt, OOL, and POL. 

Melon Citrullus colocythis and C. vulgaris). This seed oil has been examined in terms of its fatty acids and phospholipids by Akoh and Nwosu (139). The major fatty acids in the total lipids are palmitic (11% and 12%), stearic (7% and 11%), oleic (10% and 14%), and linoleic acid (71% and 63%) for two samples. 

Waxes are present as long-chain fatty acid esters with fatty alcohols, methanol, and ethanol. Fatty acid analysis showed that behenic (C 22), lignoceric (C 24), and palmitic acids (C 16) are the major fatty acid for longer alkyl esters and oleic and palmitic for the shorter alkyl esters (Table 4) (24). The major alcohols found are for longer alkyl esters. These are as follows ... 

Sunflower Fatty Acids Regular sunflower oil is characterized by a high concentration of linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid. Saturated fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid and stearic acid) do not amount to more than 15% of the fatty acid content. Table 1 shows the variation range of major fatty acids in regular sunflower oil (9, 20). 

Table 7 shows the fatty acid composition of different citrus seed oils. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids is approximately 2 1 (9), although this ratio was reported to be in the range of 3-5 1 by Nagy (35). Generally, different varieties, cultivar, location, storage condition, and harvesting time of citrus fruit may lead to this variation. Table 8 shows the content of the six major fatty acids in different citrus seed oils these are linoleic (C18 2), palmitic (C16 0), oleic (C18 l), linolenic (C18 3), stearic (C18 0), and palmitoleic (C16 l) acids. 

The proximate composition of almond includes 50.6% lipid, 21.3% protein, 19.7% carbohydrate, 5.3% water, and 3.1% ash (w/w) (1). The most common method for producing almond oil is hexane extraction that affords high oil yields, however, cold pressing is another commercially used procedure for almond oil production (8). Shi et al. (8) assessed the fatty acid composition of almond oil oleic acid was major fatty acid present (68%), followed by hnoleic acid (25%), palmitic acid (4.7%), and small amounts (<2.3%) of palmitoleic, stearic, and ara-chidic acids (Table 1). Almond oil is also a rich source of a-tocopherol (around 390 mg/kg) and contains trace amounts of other tocopherol isomers as well as phyl-loquinone (70pg/kg) (1). Almond oil contains 2.6g/kg phytosterols, mainly p-sitosterol, with trace amounts of stigmasterol and campesterol (1). 

Linoleic acid (Cl8 2) was the predominant component of barley neutral lipids (Table 28). Oleic (18 1) and palmitic acid (16 0) were the other major fatty acids in all the barley fractions. A significant amount of polyunsaturated acid, hnolenic (18 3), was also detected in all the barley fractions. Arachidic acid (C20 0) was present in measurable amounts in hull fraction of barley. 

The fatty acid composition of oat lipids is similar to that of the barley oil (Table 28). Linoleic acid is the major fatty acid in all the grain fractions. Oat lipids are also rich in oleic acid. Palmitic acid is the third major fatty acid in oat oil. 

Colocynthis citrullus seed oil and found that it contained a relatively high percentage of linoleic acid that accounted for 57.7% of total fatty acids (Table 4) (26). Oleic acid was the second major fatty acid (14.5%). The seed oil contained about 25.3% saturated fatty acids (Table 4). Moussata and Akoh (27) also reported a similar fatty acid profile of Colocynthis citrullus L. seed oil. The primary fatty acid was linoleic acid, contributing 65.4% of total fats. The other significant fatty acids included oleic (13.5%), palmitic (12.1%), and stearic (9.0%) acids (Table 4). 

Paprika Capsicum annuum) is a commonly used flavor enhancer, and following production, the seeds are treated as waste. Paprika seed oils have been evaluated for their physicochemical properties (22, 23, 32). Paprika seed oil contained more than 82% of total unsaturated fatty acids, with polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising 67.8% of total fatty acids (Table 4) (22, 23). Oleic acid was the second major fatty acid at approximately 15% of the total. This fatty acid profile was consistent with a previous observation by Domokos et al. (32) on the fatty acid profile of Hungarian paprika seed oils. Linoleic acid comprised 74.4% of the total fat, whereas oleic and palmitic acid made up 9.8% and 11.2% of total fat, respectively (32). The paprika seed oil was determined to contain 870 mg/kg oil total tocopherols, 380 mg/kg oil carotenoids, and 0.92% phytosterols (32). 

The cherry tree Prunus avium L.) is a member of the Rosaceae family. Cherry seed contains about 18% oil on a dry weight basis (48). Significant levels of oleic acid were detected in the cherry seed oils prepared by hexane extraction using a Soxhlet apparatus. Oleic acid comprised 24—38% of the total fatty acids from three different varieties of cherry fruits (Table 7) (48). Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in the cherry seed oil, and ranged 40 9% in the seed oil, along with ot-eleostearic (18 n-5), palmitic, stearic, arachidonic, and ot-linolenic acids (Table 7). alpha-eleostearic acid comprising 10-13% of cherry seed oil, is a conjugated... 

The fatty acids which, together with glycerol, make up the fats (used mostly for energy storage) and the phospholipids (the major component of cell membranes). The 16 carbon fatty acid palmitate is shown below ... 

Com oil is composed of fatty acid esters with glycerol, known commonly as triglycerides. Typical com oil produced in the USA contains five major fatty acids linoleic 58.9% oleic 25.8% palmitic 11.0% stearic 1.7% and linolenic 1.1%. Com grown outside the USA yields com oil with lower linoleic, higher oleic, and higher saturated fatty acid levels. Corn oil also contains small quantities of plant sterols. 

Seong-Sil-Kang et al. (36) studied wastes from squid processing factories because they contain high levels of EPA and DHA. Extractions were performed with and without 3% ethanol as entrainer in a semi continuous flow extractor with pressures in the range of 83-138 bar and temperatures of 25-50°C to improve the extraction efficiency. The extracts they obtained contained high levels of DHA, EPA and other PUPA. Highest extraction yield was achieved at 124 bar and 40°C with or without ethanol. Major fatty acids detected in the extracts (in addition to DHA and EPA) were myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and arachidic acid. 

Most mammalian cells have the capacity to synthesize fatty acids from glucose de novo in a pathway that uses products from glycolysis and two key cytosolic enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase (Chapter 6). This pathway generates long-chain SFA, mainly palmitate (16 0). The de novo synthesized palmitate and the palmitate derived from dietary sources are transported to the ER membranes. In the membranes, two major fatty acid enzymatic modifications of chain elongation and desaturation occur to yield longer chain SFA and unsaturated fatty acids of the n - 9 series. The n - 3 and n - 6 series of PUFA can be synthesized only from dietary fats, as animal cells do not have the... 

Major fatty acid compositions" (% w/w) Palmitic acid 4.14 Stearic acid 1.57 Oleic acid 35.86 Linoleic acid 19.75 Linolenic acid 7.77 Erucic aicd 12.90... 

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