Maintenance manpower

As in any other process, so also in the high-pressure polymerization of ethylene, do capital costs, utilities, maintenance, manpower, and costs of raw materials contribute to the production costs of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The cost structure is typical for the production of bulk chemicals but is strongly influenced by the requirements of a high-pressure process. 

The total costs can be divided into fixed-capital- and variable costs. Fixed-capital costs have to be taken into account also when a plant is out of operation, whereas variable costs depend on the production rate. Fixed-capital costs are depreciation, maintenance, manpower, overheads, etc. Variable costs are utilities, monomers, and other chemicals such as initiators, modifiers, or stabilizers. The costs are presented in Table 8.2-3. The total costs are 1,491 DM/t LDPE for the lower-, and 1,431 DM/t LDPE for the higher-plant capacity. 

Does the change impact shift manning or maintenance manpower requirements ... 

Once production commences (possibly 3-8 years after the first capex) gross revenues are received from the sale of the hydrocarbons. These revenues are used to recover the capital expenditure (capex) of the project, to pay for the operating expenditure (opex) of the project (e.g. manpower, maintenance, equipment running costs, support costs), and to provide the host government take which may in the simplest case be in the form of taxes and royalty. 

Operations Maintenance Engineering Operating costs - maintenance - workover - manpower requirements... 

If a PSSR is extensive, the PSSR team should include a toller company engineer and an engineer from the client. In addition, an operations supervisory representative and operations personnel with appropriate knowledge and skills along with a maintenance and safety representative may also be included on the team. The PSSR leader must ensure enough manpower and expertise is available on the team to review the new facilities and major modifications thoroughly. 

With such systems, it is possible to obtain individual room space heating and humidity control without the need to dispatch an engineer to check every room in the building. Manpower costs can be reduced, with the staff being required for checking and maintenance purposes only. The cost of an energy management system can be recovered in a relatively short period of time (of the order of 2-3 years). 

The benefits to be accrued from the implementation of a program of planned maintenance can be found in the efficient and economical operation of the plant and equipment and the utilization of resources (i.e. plant and equipment and manpower) while also maintaining a sound standard of safe working and environmental conditions for operators, other occupants and employees within the workplace. Maintenance systems vary, depending on the location of the plant and equipment and/or company policy. Systems can range from the complete maintenance of plant and equipment using all available methods to their replacement on failure. To meet the company s requirements it is then necessary to decide on the maintenance system that provides the most satisfactory benefits overall. 

Automated data acquisition The object of using microprocessor-based systems is to remove any potential for human error, reduce manpower and to automate as much as possible the acquisition of vibration, process and other data that will provide a viable predictive maintenance database. Therefore the system must be able to automatically select and set monitoring parameters without user input. The ideal system would limit user input to a single operation. However this is not totally possible with today s technology. 

The data logger or microprocessor selected by your predictive maintenance program is critical to the success of the program. There is a wide variety of systems on the market that range from handheld overall value meters to advanced analyzers that can provide an almost unlimited amount of data. The key selection parameters for a data acquisition instrument should include the expertise required to operate, accuracy of data, type of data, and manpower required to meet the program demands. 

Implementing a predictive maintenance program will require an investment in both capital equipment and manpower. If a program is to get started and survive to accomplish its intended goals, management must be willing to commit the necessary resources. They... 

Most oil companies offer a planned lubrication maintenance (PLM) service that will meet these requirements with the minimum of effort on the part of the customer. These schemes provide logical routing for the lubrication operative, balanced workloads and clear instructions to those responsible for specific tasks associated with lubrication and fault-reporting facilities. Many schemes are now designed for computer operation, which also accommodate plant and grade changes, operation costs and manpower planning. It is essential that any such scheme should be adaptable to individual requirements. 

It is important to note that the amount of oxygen needed to avoid sulfate-reducing conditions is determined by the aerobic respiration rate of the wastewater and the biofilm and not the potential amount of total sulfide production in the sewer. The relatively low solubility of oxygen (9-11 g02 m-3) in wastewater compared with the DO consumption rate typically requires that oxygen must be injected at several points of a sewer pipe to ensure aerobic conditions. This is, of course, expensive and requires manpower in terms of operation and maintenance. Furthermore, the readily biodegradable and fast hydrolyzable fractions of the organic matter may be depleted (Tanaka et al., 2000b). In the case of requirement for mechanical treatment, this is positive ... 

Nonconformances may fall into the category of manpower, machinery methods, materials, etc. Employees not following procedures or unable to execute required steps of the process indicate a poorly designed process requiring modification and/or improved training. Machinery failures often indicate poor qualification, validation, calibration, or maintenance programs. Unexpected results or outcomes are indicative of poor process design, characterization, or a break down between processes. 

Maintenance is a vital component of all pilot plant and plant manufacturing operations. Any organization that strives to meet deadlines for the preparation of clinical supplies and commercial APIs requires a plant that ideally does not break down. To achieve this, all responsible managements require a strong, well-staffed maintenance department that has the trained manpower, budget, spare parts, mission, and organization to keep the plant operating. 

The key advantage of a complex column over a sequence of simple columns is more compact equipment with substantial reduction of investment, instrumentation, manpower and maintenance costs. In some cases substantial energy saving is obtained. 

The VCM process can be balanced , so that only VCM is produced, or the plant can be designed to accommodate imported or exported EDC or HC1 streams. The process is automated for stable, safe operation with wide turndown capability. Also, the process is designed for easy startup and shutdown. Manpower, capital, operating and maintenance costs are low. Ethylene and chlorine efficiencies exceed 98+%. 

Spectroradiometers for field measurements of solar radiation are complex and sensitive instruments, usually they require temperature stabilization and they need frequent control of their calibration with respect to wavelength and to irradiance. Therefore maintenance of these instruments is a challenging task and needs significant manpower and experienced operators. 

Whitestone did evaluate many alternatives prior to choosing RO. They decided to use RO because the initial cost was low, maintenance requirements were low and operator attention was minimal compared to the alternatives. Whitestone also calculated that the operating costs, both in manpower needs and in actual chemicals and membrane replacement, was less than other alternatives. Since the RO system would be operating on biologically active materials it was decided that cleaning every 8 hours would be appropriate. Therefore, an automatic Clean-In-Place (CIP) system was developed and installed with the RO unit. There is typically a 1 01 reduction in permeate rate due to fouling prior to the time that Whitestone cleans the RO unit. 

In addition to the additional fuel costs accrued during heater outage, a manpower expenditure is required to plug the leaks. If 15 leaks per year occur and if 28 man-hours are charged at 10.07/man-hour during each heater outage, the annual additional maintenance expenditure is ... 

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