Machines hazards with

Industrial-type Hazards—-with the objective of identifying hazard sources in electrical, mechanical, illumination, and non-emergency communication fields. Developments have included (a) advanced remote surveillance and communication systems, (hi portable-area illumination systems. Ic) trolley-phone wireless systems, and (d) protective canopies for use on underground low-coal machines. 

Systematic failures have nothing to do with random component failures (although they should eliminate or reduce the hazardous effects of a single random failure) and are often associated with humans (humans, after all design the processes). The world s most sophisticated machines, designed with the highest safety goals in mind, jet airliners, still crash as a result of pilot error. 

One variation of the Multiple Causation Theory is R. J. Firenzie s Theory of Accident Causation. Firenzie s theory is based on interaction among three components person, machine, and environment. Human variables of information, decisions, and perception of risks combine with machine hazards and environmental factors affecting the likelihood of an accident. 

But during assembly, commissioning, maintenance or adjustment It Is certain that the guards or protectors will be opened and that personnel will come Into contact with the machine and with Its hazards. 

Studies of serious industrial accidents have proven that the greatest hazards with numerically controlled machine tools are... 

After reviewing your list of hazards with the employee, consider what control methods will eliminate or reduce them. For more information on hazard control measures, see Appendix 1. The most effective controls are engineering controls that physically change a machine or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the hazard. The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be circumvented, the better. If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be appropriate. This may involve changing how employees do their jobs. 

Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards, blast shields, welding curtains, or other means and... 

In selec ting the machines of choice, the use of specific speed and diameter best describe the flow. Figure 10-67 shows the characteristics of the three types of compressors. Other considerations in chemical plant service such as problems with gases which may be corrosive or have abrasive solids in suspension must be dealt with. Gases at elevated temperatures may create a potential explosion hazard, while air at the same temperatures may be handled qmte normally minute amounts of lubricating oil or water may contaminate the process gas and so may not be permissible, and for continuous-process use, a high degree of equipment rehability is required, since frequent shutdowns for inspec tion or maintenance cannot be tolerated. 

This is a location which is continuously contaminated with explosive gases, chemical vapours or volatile liquids and thus is highly susceptible to fire hazards. Installation of electrical machines in such areas should be avoided as far as possible, to reduce cost, facilitate maintenance and take other precautions. 

There is persisting interest in nylon-RIM materials as alternatives to polyurethane-RIM. Advantages of the nylon materials are the better shelf life and lower viscosity of the reaction components, ability to mould thick-walled articles, absence of a need for mould lubrication and the ability to avoid using isocyanates with their associated hazards. The main disadvantages of nylon-RIM are the need to have heated storage tanks and elevated temperature reactions, difficulties in catalyst handling and the high water absorption of the product. Possible markets include exterior car body components and appliance and business machine components. 

Nutsche filters are well suited for handling flammable, toxic, corrosive and odor-noxious materials since they are autoclaved and designed for use in hazardous and ex-proof environments when extremely safe operation is required. They are available in almost any size with the larger machines for a slurry filling batch of 25 m and a cake volume of 10 m Such filters have a filtration area of 15 m and are suitable for fast filtering slurries that produce readily 0.5 m thick cakes. The basic configuration is shown in Figure 11. 

A guarded machine is an open machine in which all openings giving direct access to live metal or rotating parts (except smooth rotating surfaces) are limited in size by the structural parts or by screens, baffles, grilles, expanded metal, or other means to prevent accidental contact with hazardous parts. 

It should be made clear to people exposed to lubricants that good standards of personal hygiene are a most effective protection against potential health hazards. However, those individuals with a history of (or thought to be particularly predisposed to) eczema or industrial dermatitis should be excluded from work where, as in machine-tool operation, contact with lubricants is virtually unavoidable. 

The approximately round shape and small size of the suspension beads is useful for some applications such as expandable polystyrene or as an intermediate for further compounding with pigments, other polystyrene beads, etc. Being round, however, they tend to roll, not only causing a safety hazard when spilled on floors but more importantly causing difficulties in some fabricating extruders and molding machines. Except for expandable polystyrene, beads are seldom sold as such but are extruded into pellets. 

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY PROVISIONS. In the design of the APE and associated operational shield, conventional machine design practices are used to protect operators from hazards associated with moving parts. Proper techniques for guarding of hazardous machine areas are used, including the use of interlocks In the control system to prevent movements until certain conditions are satisfied, or to stop movements In emergency situations... 

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