Lymphocytes cytokine production

Table 12.1 illustrates studies reporting shifts in T lymphocyte cytokine production induced by Pb. Most studies found that Pb exposure at low to moderate levels causes a significant shift in the production of Thl versus Th2 cytokines with the bias toward the latter. Production of IL-4, IL-6 and frequently IL-10 is elevated while production of IFN is decreased and production of IL-12 is below the levels needed for effective host resistance to Listeria. These results occur even at low levels of exposure and the effects are persistent. The only exceptions to Pb-induced biasing in favor of Th2 are found in the reports by Goebel and colleagues [56] and Mishra and colleagues [57], In the former case, an autoimmune prone strain of mice was employed these authors found different results upon using a normal strain of mice [58],... 

Lactoferrin resembles transferrin in terms of molecular weight, amino-acid sequence homology and number of Fe(lII) binding sites. Lactoferrin is released from activated PMNs upon degranulation and may play a role in myelopoiesis, primary antibody response, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production and complement activation. 

Bhattacharyya, S.P., Drucker, I., Reshef, T., Kirshenbaum, A.S., Metcalfe, D.D. and Mekori, Y.A. (1998) Activated T lymphocytes induce degranulation and cytokine production by human mast cells following cell-to-cell contact. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 63, 337-341. 

Kerkvliet, N.I., et. al., Inhibition of TC-1 cytokine production, effector cytotoxic T lymphocyte development and alloantibody production by 2,3,7,8-tctrach lorodi bcnzo-p-diox in, J. Immunol., 157, 2310, 1996. 

Lymphocyte proliferation Anti-microbial activity Cytokine production... 

Lymphocyte proliferation NK cell activity Antibody formation IL-2 system receptors Cytokine production Apoptosis Cell signaling... 

Cytokine production Lymphocyte proliferation NK cell activity... 

It is possible to identify various factors that confer on chemicals the ability to induce skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. These include the capacity to gain access to the viable epidermis across the stratum corneum, to associate stably with host proteins, to provoke a certain degree of proinflammatory cytokine production by skin cells, and to be recognized by specific T lymphocytes. The effectiveness with which these requirements are met, and possibly other properties of the chemical that influence the vigor of induced immune responses, together with the extent of exposure, will dictate the degree to which sensitization is achieved. 

Recent studies with BN 52021 have demonstrated that PAF can modulate various immune processes. BN 52021 can inhibit the suppressive effect of PAF on T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. When PAF is added to human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures (containing 5-10% monocytes) stimulated with phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A), a non-toxic concentration-dependent inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation is... 

Cl. Christmas, S. E., Cytokine production by T lymphocytes bearing the gamma delta T cell antigen receptor. Chem. Immunol. 53, 32-40 (1992). 

In addition to surface molecules, the presence and/or absence of cytokine production by DCs is influenced by Tregs in a way that tolerance rather than immunity is induced. For example, in mixed lymphocyte reactions with CD25—CD4+ T-cell DCs produce large amounts of the proinflammatory... 

Lombardi, V.R.M., Garcia, M., Rey, L., Cacabelos, R. (1999) Characterization of cytokine production, screening of lymphocyte subset patterns and in vitro apoptosis in healthy and Alzheimer s disease individuals. J. NeuroimmunoL, 97, 163-171. 

As mentioned previously, glucocorticoids promote apoptosis and reduce survival, differentiation, and proliferation of a number of inflammatory cells. While there is an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the circulation, corticosteroids cause the involution and atrophy of all lymphoid tissue and decrease the number of circulating lymphocytes. The striking lymphocytopenia is caused in large part by an inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation, although diminished growth with preferential accumulation of cells in the Gi-phase of the cell cycle is followed by cell death. These effects are mainly mediated by alterations in cytokine production and action. 

It is a cyclic polypeptide with 11 amino acids. It selectively inhibits T-lymphocytes proliferation, IL-2 and other cytokine production. It is the most effective drug for prevention and treatment of graft rejection reaction. It is used in cardiac, hepatic, renal, bone marrow transplantation and as second line drug in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, dermato-myositis, bronchial asthma and certain other autoimmune diseases. 

McCarthy, M. A., Michalski, J. P., Sears, E. S., and McCombs, C. C. (1990). Inhibition of polyamine synthesis suppresses human lymphocyte proliferation without decreasing cytokine production or interleukin-2 receptor expression. Immunopharmacology 20,11-20. 

Immune dysfunction and poor tumor-specific immune responses are observed in cancer patients with enhanced Treg cell activity. Furthermore, many different types of tumors possess high frequency of Treg cells that inhibit various immune functions including T-cell proliferation, cytokine production and cytotoxic activity. Trl cells also participate in a poor anticancer response. The infiltrating lymphocytes in Hodgkin s lymphoma contain both Treg and Trl cells that suppress various immune functions. 

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