Lymphatics antibodies

Maizels, R.M., Sartono, E., Kurniawan, A, Partono, F., Selkirk, M.E. and Yazdanbash, M. (1995) T-cell activation and the balance of antibody isotypes in human lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology Today 11, 50-56. 

Fuhrman, J.A., Lane, W.S., Smith, R.F., Piessens, W.F. and Perler, F.B. (1992) Transmission-blocking antibodies recognize microfilarial chitinase in Brugian lymphatic filariasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89, 1548-1552. 

Infection 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body s defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]... 

A lymph node consists of a cortex and an inner medulla. The cortex is composed of an outer cortex, which contains B-lymphocytes, within lymphoid follicles, and paracortical areas, which contain mainly T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells. The proliferation of B-cells occurs in central areas, called germinal centres. The medulla consists of strings of macrophages and the B-cells that secrete the antibodies (i.e. the effector cells) these are the medullary cords (Figure 17.42). Lymph carries immune cells (e.g. lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells) and pathogens from the tissues to the lymph nodes, via the afferent lymphatics. 

Figure 10.4. Schematic representation of antibody distribution into extravascular space across endothelial cells lining blood capillaries and into the tumor mass. Some of these antibody molecules may be further distributed into lymphatic capillaries.

The common mucosal immune system (CMIS) is now well established as a separate component of the host s immune apparatus, quite distinct from and independent of the systemic immune system described above. Moreover, if an immune response is induced at one site in the mucosal system this generally leads to responses at distal mucosal sites of the CMIS, presenting a potentially large advantage. It should be noted that there are approximately 6 x 1010 antibody producing cells in mucosal tissues and 2.5 x 1010 lymphocytes in the entire lymphatic system. 

The white blood cells or leukocytes are nearly a thousandfold less numerous than red cells. About 7 x 106 cells are present per ml of blood. There are three types of leukocytes lymphocytes (-26% of the total), monocytes (-7% of the total), and polymorphonuclear leukocytes or granulocytes (-70% of the total). Lymphocytes are about the same size as erythrocytes and are made in lymphatic tissue. Individual lymphocytes may survive for as long as ten years. They function in antibody formation and are responsible for maintenance of long-term immunity. 

Deficiency of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) causes gradual disappearance of the lymphatic system, depressed number of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, and impaired activity of antibodies and IL-2 (Szponar and Respondek 1998) (Table 2.2.4). Vitamin D3 can produce an immunosupressive effect. The recent literature data suggest that one of metabolites of this vitamin, 1,2,5-dihydroxy D3, by affecting a specific receptor present on monocytes and lymphocytes, can inhibit their proliferation. This effect occurs via retardation of the production of mRNA for GM CSF, IL-2, and IFN-7. At the same time, it has been demonstrated that deficiency of vitamin D3 in food caused impaired cellular-type tolerance (Szponar and Respondek 1998). 

Type I, or immediate immune, response involves the body s production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in lymphatic tissue that bind to the surface of mast cells and basophils and prime them for action. The antibodies are produced in B lymphocytes during the period of sensitization. Sensitization occurs as the result of exposure to appropriate antigens through the respiratory tract, dermally, or by exposure via the gastrointestinal tract. Subsequent cross-linking of the antibodies... 

Once an antibody has egressed into the interstitial space, its movement is somewhat more complicated than simple diffusion around the interstitial space (until it binds to epitope) or flow into lymphatics for mononuclear phagocytic clearance. There are a number of mechanisms by which antibodies (that are not bound via CDR to target or a cross-reactive epitope) are transported across and to a variety of cell types. Below are discussed several specialized and/or tissue-specific mechanisms of IgG transport and/or clearance. 

Immune system Hematology/clinical chemistry Organ weights Histopathology Antibodies Imm unoglobulins Immunophenotyping NK cell activity" Lymphocyte proliferation TDAR and DTH CD immunohistochemistry of lymphatic organs Cytokines... 

During initial contact with the drug, the immune system is sensitized antigen-specific lymphocytes of the T-type and B-type (antibody formation) proliferate in lymphatic tissue and some of them remain as so-called memory cells. Usually, these processes remain clinically silent. 

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