Infection, clinical

Caniatti EM, Tugnoli V et al (1996) Cryoglobulinemic neuropathy related to hepatitis C virus infection. Clinical, laboratory and neurophysiological study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 1(2) 131-138... 

Acute pharyngitis presents a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. The majority of sore throats are caused by a variety of viruses fewer than 20% are bacterial and hence potentially responsive to antibiotic therapy. However, antibiotics are widely prescribed and this reflects the difficulty in discriminating streptococcal from non-streptococcal infections clinically in the absence of microbiological documentation. Nonetheless, Strep, pyogenes is the most important bacterial pathogen and this responds to oral penicillin. However, up to 10 days treatment is required for its eradication fixm the throat. This requirement causes problems with compliance since symptomatic improvement generally occurs within 2-3 days. 

Sobala, G.M., Crabtree, J., Dixon, M.F., Schorah, C.J., Taylor, J.D., Rathbone, B.J., Heatley, R.V. and Axon, A.T.R. (1991a). Acute Helicobacter pylori infection clinical features, local and systemic immune response, gastric mucosal histology and gastric juice ascorbic acid concentrations. Gut 32, 1415-1418. 

Appropriate empiric anti-infective therapy decreases 28-day mortality compared to inappropriate empiric therapy (24% versus 39%).22 23,30 Additionally, appropriate therapy administered within 1 hour of sepsis recognition also decreases complications and mortality.22-23,30 Empiric anti-infective therapy should include one, two, or three drugs, depending on the site of infection and causative pathogens (Table 79-3). Anti-infective clinical trials in sepsis and septic shock patients are scarce and have not demonstrated differences among agents therefore, factors that determine selection are ... 

Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection Convened by the Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1 Infected Adults and Adolescents. 2006. Available at http //aidsinfo.nih.gov Public Health Service Task Force. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1 infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. October 12,2006. (http //aidsinfo.nih.gov) Smith DE, Walker BD, Cooper DA, et al. Is antiretroviral treatment of primary HIV infection clinically justified on the basis of current evidence AIDS 2004 18 709-718. 

The goals of immunization against viral hepatitis include prevention of the short-term viremia that can lead to transmission of infection, clinical disease, and chronic HBV infection. 

The minimally required duration of treatment is only known for a limited number of infections. Clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of a single dose in the treatment of gonorrhoea or uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women and in surgical prophylaxis. The more precise duration of treatment has been studied for endocarditis, meningitis and staphylococcal bacteraemia. More often, guidelines for duration of treatment have been based on clinical experience with similar infections and on the parameters of response mentioned above. Failure of treatment should be recognised early. It can be due to a variety of reasons (Table 2). 

Swedo, S.E., Leonard, H.L., Garvey, M., Mittleman, B., Allen, A.J., Perlmutter, S., Lougee, L., Dow, S., Zamkoff, J., and Dubbert, B.K. (1998) Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am Psychiatry 155 264-271. 

B.K. (1998) Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry 155 264-271. 

Wilson, M.S. and Maizels, R.M. (2004) Regulation of allergy and autoimmunity in helminth infection. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 26, 35-50. 

Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG et al. (2004) Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases 39 885-910. 

Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF et al. (2005) Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases 41 1373-1406. 

Lethality due to ingestion of food contaminated by trichothecenes has been reported in horses (Rodricks and Eppley, 1974), cattle (Hsu et al, 1972), and humans (Joffe, 1974). General clinical signs include emesis, food refusal and weight loss, dermal effects, and immune suppression with secondary infection. Clinical signs are dependent on the specific trichothecene involved, the dose, species, route of exposure, as well as the nature of the exposure. Spontaneous and experimental exposures may give somewhat different results, as can exposure to field contaminated materials, when compared to purified toxin. In the case of field contamination or experimental use of crude extracts, multiple mycotoxins, both known and unknown, may be present at the same time. 

Kern, A. Echinococcus granulosus infection Clinical presentation, medical treatment and outcome. Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 2003 388 413-420... 

Lisziewicz J, Foil A, Wainberg M, Lori F. Hydroxyurea in the treatment of HIV infection Clinical efficacy and safety concerns. Drug Saf 2003 26 605-624. 

Hepatitis B may cause acute and chronic infection. In acute infection, clinical hepatitis B becomes apparent after an incubation period of 45-180 days. The elimination of hepatitis B virus by non-cytopathic mechanisms starts several weeks... 

Davis SF, Sutter RW, Strebel PM, Orton C, Alexander V, Sanden GN, Cassell GH, Thacker WL, Cochi SL (1995) Concurrent outbreaks of pertussis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of illnesses manifested by cough, Clin Infect Dis 20 621-628... 

For each infectious disease, antibody levels (if any) in naive, subclinically infected, clinically infected, and immune individuals in the endemic population should be sought. Only in this way can the immunoassayist relate antibody levels to infection. Once these parameters are known, the effect of vaccination in these individuals can be assayed as well as the relationship between protective antibody and immunity. 

Guatelli JC, Gingeras TR, Richman DD. 1989. Nucleic acid amplification in vitro Detection of sequences with low copy numbers and application to diagnosis of human immunodeficiency vims type 1 infection. Clinical... 

Lieberman-Blum, S.S., Fung, H.B., and Bandres, J.C. (2008) Maraviroc a CCR5-receptor antagonist for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Clinical Therapeutics, 30, 1228-1250. 

Ameen, M. 2010. Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections. Clinical MDermatology, 28 197-201. 

Spectinomycin became available in the U.S. for single dose treatment of acute gonorrheal infections clinical studies indicate IM administration of 2.0 or 4.0 g of spectinomycin results in cure rates of over 90% in males and 96% in females. ... 

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