Lutensol

Fig. 17. a TEM micrographs of nanocapsules with an MMA to HD ratio of 1 1 using SDS as surfactant b Coexistence of nanocapsules and capped particles in the case of using the surfactant Lutensol AT50... 

Recently, carboxyl- and amino-functionalized polystyrene latex particles were synthesized by the miniemulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid or 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMH) [70, 71]. The reaction was started by using an oil-soluble initiator, 2,2 -azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile) (V-59). Two types of surfactant, i.e., ionic negatively charged SDS or positively charged CTMA-Cl, and nonionic Lutensol AT50 (which is a PEO hexadecyl ether with an EO block length of about 50 units) were used to stabilize the initial droplets and final particles. 

Determining the amount of surface carboxyl groups as a function of the surfactant, it was shown that the dense monolayer of carboxylic groups (0.68nm2 per COOH 1.47 groups per nm2) on the particles prepared with nonionic surfactant was almost achieved with 3wt% of acrylic acid. More than 10 wt% of acrylic acid was required in the case of SDS-stabilized particles. TEM images of carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene particles stabilized with nonionic (Lutensol AT50) and ionic (SDS) surfactant are presented in Fig. 8. 

Fig. 8 TEM images of carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene particles with 3 wt% of acrylic acid and stabilized with Lutensol AT50 (left)-, or with 15 wt% of acrylic acid and stabilized with SDS (right)...

The surfactant used in the experiments was a polyethylen glycol ether of BASF company with the trade name Lutensol T03. General structure of the reagent is R0(CH2CH2 0)x H where R is iso-Cu H2 and x is 3,5,7,8,12.. The reagent has a nonionic character and does not give much froth in water. It was used as 500 g/t of solid material in the suspension. 

The surfactant (lutensol T03) used in the experiments has drastically effected the shear strength of the cakes. The shear strength of the four investigated minerals were decreased about half of the values measured in the absence of the reagent. The results at 15 bar with the reagent treatment are given in the Table 6 and Fig. 12. 

Figure 12. Shear strength changes of juraperle BS (calcite), TiO , kaolin and labosil (quartz) with the saturation in the presence of surfactant (lutensol T03) at 15 bar.

Example 7.7 Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion of an Alcohol Ethoxy late (Lutensol, Cl 3 and Cl 5, with an Average Ethoxy Chain of E07), Spiked onto an Homogenized Fish Tissue... 

Despite all difficulties mentioned above, examples for C02 containing microemulsion stabilised by a technical grade non-ionic surfactant have been found (see Fig. 11.3 in Chapter 11). The studied system consists ofwater/NaCl- -propane/C02-Lutensol XL70 with varying amounts of C02 in n-propane/C02 mixtures. All measurements were carried out at p = 220 bar and at equal volume fractions of the two solvents [56], The respective phase diagrams have been studied as a function ofthe temperature T and the total surfactant... 

Figure 10.4 Phase diagrams of the systems h O/NaCI-rape oleic acid methyl ester/suet-Lutensol AP9 at <(> = 0.50 and e = 0.10. The parameter 0 corresponds to the mass fraction of suet in the mixture of suet and rape oleic acid methyl ester. With increasing 0, the phase behaviour is shifted to higher temperatures and surfactant mass fractions. Because of the dominance of the Lc,-phase a phase diagram at 0 = 1.00 could not be obtained.

In contrast to alkyl phenol ethoxylates the class of fatty alcohol ethoxylates is biodegradable and eco-friendly. Efficient technical surfactants found in this class are Lutensol XL 700, Lutensol T08, Lutensol A07, Lutensol AO8 and Eusapon OD. The phase behaviour was characterised in systems of type H20/NaCl-suet-technical non-ionic surfactant. The salt mass fraction was kept constant at = 0.10 and the oil volume fraction at = 0.50. In view of the degreasing process, which is conducted at 30°C, the X-point of the optimal system should be located around 30°C and the formation of the highly viscous La-phase should be suppressed. Figure 10.5 presents the T-y cuts for the respective systems. 

Figure 10.5 Phase diagrams of the systems PbO/NaCI-suet-technical non-ionic surfactant at = 0.50 and e = 0.10. Although less efficient than Lutensol A07 and Lutensol A08, Eusapon OD is the most suitable alternative for Lutensol AP9 as the X-point is located near the degreasing temperature and no Lc,-phase forms.

The variation of the interfacial tension as a function of T for the Eusapon OD system shows the typical V-shape. The full curve corresponds to a theoretical description in terms of bending energy [164,165], The minimum of the interfacial tension correlates well with the mean temperature of the system and is located at interfacial tension between water and oil near the degreasing temperature corresponds to aab = 0.43 mN m. Although the interfacial tension between water and triolein is high compared to efficient microemulsion systems, it is still two orders of magnitude lower than the pure water oil interfacial tension (50 mN m 1). 

Figure 10.11 Variation of

Figure 11.3 Phase diagrams for the system water/NaCI-n-propane/C02-Lutensol XL70 measured at a 1 1 water-to-oil volume fraction ( = 0.50), an electrolyte content of 5 wt.% in the aqueous solution (e = 0.05), and at p = 220 bar as a function of the temperature T and the surfactant mass fraction y [21 ]. The fraction of CO2 in the mixture is given by (3.

So far we can generate supercritical carbon dioxide microemulsions with varying mi-crostructures under a pressure of p = 220 bar. The next step is to find appropriate surfactants for an efficient solubilisation of C02 as today over 48 wt.% surfactant is required to formulate a one-phase region in the system H20/NaCl-C02-Lutensol XL70 (see Fig.ll.3).Good amphiphilic candidates with C02 -philic parts are fluorinated surfactants. Once a more efficient surfactant has been identified, the formation of microemulsions under pressure has to be studied. 

Lutensol . [BASF AG] Detergent, wetting agent, dispersant, emulsifier for household and industrial detergents, chemical processing, leather, fur, paper, paint and dye industries. 

Ethoxylated alkylphenols are known under the following trade names Baymol A/LN (Bayer), "Empilan NP" (Albright Wilson), "Hostapal CV/B" (Clariant), "Lutensol AP/TO" (BASF), Makon and Polystep series (Stepan), Mulsifan RT 18/37 (Zschimmer Schwarz), Neonol AF (Nizhnekamskneftekhim), Nonipol (Sanyo), "Renex" (Uniqema/ICT), "Rewopal HV" (Witco), "Tergitol NP" and "Triton X" series (Union Carbide), and so on. 

Typical examples of commercial ethoxylated amides are "Amadol" and "Ethomid" series (Akzo Nobel), Amidox C/L (Stepan), Aminol N (Kao), "Lutensol FSA" (BASF), and "Rewopal C/0" (Witco). 

Initially developed for carbon black [75], this technique was also successfully applied for other organic pigments (see Fig. 12) [74]. Surface functionalization for the adhesion process to different substrates was either obtained by physically adsorbed surfactants, as the anionic SDS, the cationic cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMA-Cl), or the non-ionic Lutensol AT50, or by copolymerizing styrene or acrylates with functional comonomers. 

Fig. 2 Mechanism for the emergence of a bimodal particle distribution after miniemulsion copolymerization of styrene with charged comonomers in the presence of Lutensol AT50...

Miniemulsion Polymerization to Encapsulate Organic and Inorganic Materials a FTME 284 b (0.04 g SDS) b JEME 4 (0.25 g Lutensol ... 

Fig. 11 Coexistence of PMMA nanocapsules and capped particles in the presence of (a) low concentration of SDS and (b) Lutensol AT50 as stabilizer...

Chem. Descrip. Nonoxynol-10 CAS 9016-45-9 EINECS/ELINCS 248-294-1 Uses Detergent, wetting, emulsifying and dispersing agent, used in cleaners, detergents, leather, fur, paper, paint and dye industries Properties Clear liq. sol. in water, 5% HCI, alcohols, ketones, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons sp.gr. 1.06 vise. 350 cps surf. tens. 32 dynes/cm nonionic Lutensol TO 3 [BASF AG]... 

Uses DetergenL emulsifier, dispersant, wetting agent for laundry detergents, household and industrial cleaners, emulsions, dispersbns, surf, treatment, leather, pulp/paper, dyes and pigments, paints, building prods. Properties Nonionic Lutensol TO 7 [BASF AG]... 

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