Aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride

Recently, carboxyl- and amino-functionalized polystyrene latex particles were synthesized by the miniemulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid or 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMH) [70, 71]. The reaction was started by using an oil-soluble initiator, 2,2 -azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile) (V-59). Two types of surfactant, i.e., ionic negatively charged SDS or positively charged CTMA-Cl, and nonionic Lutensol AT50 (which is a PEO hexadecyl ether with an EO block length of about 50 units) were used to stabilize the initial droplets and final particles. 

General. Aqueous solutions of hydrophilic monomers were emulsified in xylene using water-in-oil emulsifiers, and polymerized using oil-soluble initiators. Typical hydrophilic monomers were sodium p-vinylbenzene sulfonate, sodium vinylbenzyl sulfonate, 2-sulfoethyl acrylate, acrylic acid, acrylamide, vinylbenzyl-trimethylammonium chloride, and 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride. Typical oil-soluble initiators were benzoyl and lauroyl peroxides. In some cases, water-soluble potassium persulfate was used, both separately and in mixtures with oil-soluble peroxides. Of the water-in-oil emulsifiers, one of the most effective was Span 60 (technical sorbitan monostearate. Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc.). 

To prepare water-soluble polymers employing CCT, it is necessary to modify the polymerization conditions.312 439 Use of a standard batch reaction leads to hydrolysis of catalyst, changing the catalyst level over the course of the polymerization, yielding a mixture of products and poor control of the reaction. A feed or starved-feed process that adds catalyst over the course of the reaction maintains a constant catalyst level and high conversion. The approach can be applied to a range of monomers such as methacrylic acid, 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride, 2-hy-droxyethyl methacrylate, 2-methacryloxyethyl phos-phoryl choline, glycerol monomethyl methacrylate, and 3- O-methacryloyl-1,2 5,6-di- O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose. 

Carboxy- and amino-functionaUzed polystyrene nanoparticles have been synthesized by the miniemulsion process using styrene and the functional monomers acrylic acid (AA) or 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMH) as functional comonomers [30,31]. By changing the amount of the comonomer, different surface densities of the charged groups could be realized. Since a fluorescent dye was incorporated inside the nanoparticles, the uptake behavior of different cell Unes could be determined as a function of the surface functionalization [30,31]. It was found that, in general, the uptake of the nanoparticles into the cells increases with increasing functionality on the particle s surface. For HeLa cells, for example, the internalized particle amount was up to sixfold better for carboxy-functionaUzed polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles than for non-functionalized PS particles. For amino functionalized PS nanoparticles, an up to 50-fold enhanced uptake could be detected. In order to investigate the actual uptake pathway into HeLa cells, positively... 

A further step towards efficient biomedical application of PU/PUR nanocapsules was shown by the work of Paiphansiri et al. [190]. Carboxy- and amino-functionalization of the nanocapsules surface can be introduced and tailored by an in situ carboxymethylation reaction or by physical adsorption of a cationic polyelectrolyte, i.e., poly(aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride) or poly(ethylene imine) (see Fig. 21). Encapsulation of an aqueous solution of suforhodamine adds a fluorescent label for fluorescence microscopic detection (see Fig. 21). Whereas the carboxy-functionalized nanocapsules do not lead to a good uptake into cells, the increased uptake of amino-functionalized fluorescent nanocapsules by HeLa cells clearly demonstrates the potential of the functionalized nanocapsules to be successfully exploited as biocarriers. These results are in good agreement with the data obtained from experiments with PS particles [192]. 

The conversion of the 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride monomer to the free amino group in the polymer composite has been conducted completely which is clearly visible at the shift of the... 

A multistep emulsion polymerisation technique was used to produce cationic latex particles with surface amino groups. Seed particles of polystyrene were copolymerised with aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride or vinyl... 

Fig. 10.1. The dependence of degree of conversion, 0, in polyion addition reactions on pH for the following systems 1 polyacrylic acid/poly(dimethyl-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride) 2 poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) /poly (sodium...

Carboxyl and amino-functionalized latex particles were synthesized [67] by the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene and acrylic acid or 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride, and the effect of hydrophilic comonomer and surfactant type (nonionic versus ionic) on the colloidal stability, particle size, and particle size distribution was analyzed. The reaction mechanisms of particle formation in the presence of nonionic and ionic surfactants were proposed. 

Figure 8.1 Selective primary modification of carboxyl group on HA. AEMA 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride ADH adipic acid dihydrazide APMA 2-aminoethyl methacrylate CDH carbodihydrazide HDMA hexane-1,6-diamine PDPH pyridyldithioethylamine SH thiol and VS vinyl sulfonyl...

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