Lumbricus

Zwahlen, C., Hilbeck, A., Howald, R. and Nentwig, W. (2003). Effects of transgenic Bt corn litter on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris . Molecular Ecology, 12(4), 1077-1086. 

Pine moth, Bupalus piniarius-, pupae whole Finland, 1987 industrialized area vs. reference site Earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus Cardiff, Wales 1984 contaminated soils (2740 mg Cu/kg DW soil) vs. reference site (26 mg Cu/kg DW soil) Max. 137 DW vs. 53 DW 10... 

Earthworms, Lumbricus rubellus, Aporrectodea rosea Earthworms absent from plats with medium and high contamination. Surface casts of L. rubellus had 17.5 mg/kg DW in low contamination soils vs. 7.0 in controls for A. rosea. These values were 13.3 vs. 7.0 120... 

Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) held in soils containing 53 mg Cu/kg DW show a 50% reduction in cocoon production in 56 days 32 mg Cu/kg soil had no effect on cocoon production (Spurgeon et al. 1994). The LC50 (56 days) value for earthworms is 555 mg Cu/kg DW soil no deaths occur at 210 mg/kg soil during this period. Copper is more toxic to Eisenia fetida than are salts of cadmium, zinc, or lead (Spurgeon et al. 1994). Copper adversely affects the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Ma 1984). Concentrations of 150 mg Cu/kg surface soil from an accidental spill of copper... 

Goven, A.J., S.C. Chen, L.C. Fitzpatrick, and B.J. Venables. 1994. Lysozyme activity in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) coelomic fluid and coelomocytes enzyme assay for immunotoxicity of xenobiotics. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 607-613. 

Ma, W.C. 1984. Sublethal toxic effects of copper on growth, reproduction and litter breakdown activity in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, with observations on the influence of temperature, and soil pH. Environ. Pollut. 33A 207-219. 

Morgan, J.E. and A.J. Morgan. 1990. The distribution of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and calcium in the tissues of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus sampled from one uncontaminated and four polluted soils. Oecologia 84 559-566. 

Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., J.R. Dierkes, PH. Monson, and G.T. Ankley. 1993. pH-dependent toxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca and Lumbricus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 1261-1266. 

The maximum zinc concentration in earthworms collected from a contaminated site was 1600 mg/kg DW whole animal for uncontaminated sites it was 650 mg/kg (Beyer and Cromartie 1987). Whole-body zinc concentrations in earthworms (Dendrodrilus rubidus, Lumbricus rubellus) tended to reflect zinc concentrations in soil, although zinc accumulations in both species seem to be physiologically regulated when soil zinc values exceeded 1000 mg/kg DW (Morgan and Morgan 1988). 

Perennial plant, Rubus frondosus Giant foxtail, Setaria faberii Earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus Bluegrass, Poa spp. 

Gilman, A.P and A. Vardanis. 1974. Carbofuran. Comparative toxicity and metabolism in the worms Lumbricus terrestris L. and Eisenia foetida S. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 22 625-628. 

Lebrun, P., A. de Medts, and G. Wauthy. 1981. Eco-toxicologie comparee et bioactivite de trois insecticides carbamates sur une population experimentale de vers de terre, Lumbricus herculeus. Pedobiologia 21 225-235. 

Stenersen, J., A. Gilman, and A. Vardanis. 1973. Carbofuran its toxicity to and metabolism by earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 21 166-171. 

Pentachlorophenol applied to beech forest soils every 2 months for 2 years at the rate of 1.0 g/m2 markedly reduced populations of soil organisms. At 5.0 g/m2, it drastically reduced most of the soil animal species and also the microflora (Zietz et al. 1987). Reduction of the soil metabolism by PCP retards decomposition and affects the overall nutrient balance of forest ecosystems (Zietz et al. 1987). Pentachlorophenol is more toxic to earthworms in soils with comparatively low levels of organic materials. The LC50 (14-day) value for Lumbricus rubellus was 1094 mg PCP/kg DW soils with 6.1% organic matter, and 883 mg/kg DW soils with 3.7% organic matter (Van Gestel and Ma 1988). The earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei is more sensitive than Lumbricus rubellus ... 

Earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris As+5 killed 50%, and 65,300 mg/kg was fatal to 90%. Newly molted pupae and adults of As-exposed larvae had reduced weight. Regardless of dietary levels, concentrations of As ranged up to 2640 mg/kg DW in dead pupae, and 1708 mg/kg DW in adults Earthworms held in soils containing 40 mg As/kg DW for 8... 

Meharg, A.A., R.F. Shore, and K. Broadgate. 1998. Edaphic factors affecting the toxicity and accumulation of arsenate in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 1124-1131. 

LC50 for goldfish 1.8 mL/kg (quoted, Verschueren, 1983), 89.7 and 164 mg/L (soil porewater concentration) for earthworm Eisenia andrei) and 252 and 482 mg/L (soil porewater concentration) for earthworm Lumbricus rubellus) (Van Gestel and Ma, 1993). 

Berry, E.C. Jordan, D. Temperature and soil moisture content effects on the growth of Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta Lunbricidae) under laboratory conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2001, 33, 133-136. 

West C.W. and G.T. Ankley (1998). A laboratory assay to assess avoidance of contaminated sediments by the freshwater oligochaete Lumbricus variegatus. Archives of Environmental Toxicology 35 20-24. 

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