Systems toxicology

C. L. MitcheU, ed.. Nervous System Toxicology, Raven Press, New York, 1982. 

Waters M, Boorman G, Bushel P, Cunningham M, Irwin R, Merrick A, et al. Systems toxicology and the Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (CEBS) knowledge base. EHP Toxicogenomics 2003 111 15-28. 

Damstra, T. and Bondy, S.C. (1982). Neurochemical approaches to the deletion of neurotoxicity. In Nervous System Toxicology. (Mitchell, C.L., Ed.) Raven Press, New York, pp. 349-373. 

Goldberg AM. 1980. Mechanisms of neurotoxicity as studied in tissue culture systems. Toxicology 17 201-208. 

Boess, F., Kamber, M., Romer, S., Gasser, R., Muller, D., Albertini, S. and Suter, L. (2003) Gene expression in two hepatic cell lines, cultured primary hepatocytes, and liver slices compared to the in vivo liver gene expression in rats possible implications for toxicogenomics use of in vitro systems. Toxicological Sciences, Ti, 386-402. 

Haley, P., Perry, R., Ennulat, D., Frame, S., Johnson, C., Lapointe, J.-M., Nyska, A., Snyder, P.W., Walker, D. and Walter, G. (2005) STP position paper best practice guideline for the routine pathology evaluation of the immune system. Toxicologic Pathology, 33, 404-407. 

Waters, M.D. and Fostel, J.M. (2004) Toxicogenomics and systems toxicology aims and prospects. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 5, 936-948. 

Knudsen TB, DeWoskin R (2011) Systems modeling in developmental toxicity. Chapter 37. In Casciano DA, Sahu SC (eds) Handbook of systems toxicology. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp 599-617... 

Kienhuis AS et al (2011) Application of toxi-cogenomics in hepatic systems toxicology for risk assessment acetaminophen as a case study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 250 96-107... 

Kinetic toxicology, also known as metabolic or pharmacologic toxicology, involves toxicants that are transported and metabolized in the body. Such substances are called systemic poisons and they are studied under the discipline of systemic toxicology. Systemic poisons may cross cell membranes (see Chapter 3) and act on receptors such as cell membranes, bodies in the cells, and specific enzyme systems. The effect is dose responsive, and it is terminated by processes that may include metabolic conversion of the toxicant to a metabolic product, chemical binding, storage, and excretion from the organism. 

Safe levels of air contaminants are difficult to set based on systemic toxicologic effects. Therefore, TLVs often reflect nonsystemic effects of odor, narcosis, eye irritation, and skin irritation. Because of this, comparison of TLVs is often not useful in comparing systemic toxicological effects of chemicals in the workplace. 

Propane has the formula C3H8 and butane C4H8. There are two isomers of butane, / -butane and isobutane (2-methylpropane). Propane and the butane isomers are gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure like methane and ethane, all three are asphyxiants. A high concentration of propane affects the central nervous system. There are essentially no known systemic toxicological effects of the two butane isomers behavior similar to that of propane might be expected. 

VialT, Choquet-Kastylevsky G, Descotes J. Adverse effects of immunotherapeutics involving the immune system. Toxicology 2002 174 3-11. 

Schmid BP, Goulding E, Kitchin K, et al. 1981. Assessment of the teratogenic potential of acrolein and cyclophosphamide in a rat embryo culture system. Toxicology 22 235-244. 

Kinter LB, Murphy DJ, Mann WA et al. (1997) Major organ systems toxicology An integrated approach to pharmacodynamic safety assessment studies in animals. In Williams PD, Hottendorf GH (series eds) Sipes IG, McQueen CA, Gandolfi AJ (vol. eds) Comprehensive toxicology. Vol 2. Toxicology Testing and Evaluation. Elsevier, New York, pp 155-168... 

Bundy JG, Sidhu JK, Rana F, Spurgeon DJ, Svendsen C, Wren JF, Stiirzenbaum SR, Morgan AJ, Kille P. 2008. Systems toxicology approach identifies coordinated metabolic responses to copper in a terrestrial non-model invertebrate, the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. BMC Biol 6 25 (doi 10.1186/1741-7007-6-25). 

Cavanagh, J.B. (1984). Towards the molecular basis of toxic neuropathies. In Recent Advances in Nervous System Toxicology (C.L. Galli et al, eds), pp. 23-42. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

Funk KA, Liu CH, Wilson BW Higgins RJ (1994) Avian embryonic brain reaggregate culture system. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 124 149-158. 

Reproductive System, Male Skeletal System Toxicology,... 

Faroon OM, Jones D, and deRosa C (2001) Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on the nervous system. Toxicology and Industrial Health 16 305-333. 

Costa LG. Interactions of neurotoxicants with neurotransmitter systems. Toxicology 1988 49 359-66. 

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