Lubrication reservoir

Many thousands of smaller or older machines are lubricated by hand, and even the largest need regular refills or topping up to lubricant reservoirs. In some shops, the operator may be fully responsible for the lubrication of his own machine, but it is nearly always safer and more economical to make one individual responsible for all lubrication. 

There are two fundamentally different ways in which the reservoir of transfer lubricant can be located. It can be a part of, or the whole of, one of the normal load-bearing machine components, and this has been variously described as direct, primary, or two-body transfer lubrication. Alternatively it can be a separate auxiliary component present only to provide a lubrication reservoir, whose sole function is to transfer lubricant to one of the other machine components. This has been described as indirect, secondary, or three-body transfer lubrication. In the Russian literature the latter is called "Rotaprint Lubrication" by analogy with the use of a separate inking roller to transfer ink to the cylinder in a rotary printing press ° ° ° . 

Direct Transfer Lubrication Direct transfer lubrication has theoretical advantages in reducing the complexity of the overall design and in shortening the path from the reservoir to the lubricated bearing surface. However, a major limitation is that the lubricant reservoir must withstand the same load, speed, temperature and other conditions as are required by the function, load path, power, etc. of the machine design. This imposes severe constraints on the composition and method of incorporation of the reservoir material. 

Figure 8.4 Some Solid Lubricant Reservoir Designs for a Small Piston Engine (Ref.209)...

Figure 8.5 Lubricant Reservoir Pattern Used in a Helicopter Linkage Bearing (Ref.210)...

This has two important consequences for the design of the lubricant reservoirs. The first is that if the recesses containing the lubricant are deeper than the acceptible wear depth, then the deeper portion of the lubricant will be unusable. In Devine s work, the recesses, at 0.016" (0.4 mm) to 0.070" (1.8 mm), were much deeper than the permissible wear depth for the surfaces, presumably in order to give adequate lateral support for the composite material. 

Lubrication system—system that includes a lubricant reservoir, pump, valves, heat exchanger, and piping. 

Lubrication systems provide a constant source of clean oil to pump and compressor bearings, gearboxes, steam turbines, and rotating or moving equipment. A typical lubrication system includes a lubricant reservoir, pump, valves, heat exchanger, and piping. Figure 9-5 illustrates how an industrial lubrication system operates. 

A self-contained rlng-olled journal bearing Is shown in Figure 1, Illustrating the main features of the bearing. For clarity the lubricant reservoir or oil sump, in which the lower portion of the ring was Immersed, and the shaft/Journal to which the lubricant (oil) was delivered by the rotation of the ring are not shown. 

In relation with the functional properties of a part, such as fatigue and static strength, or wear and corrosion resistance, are the basis for specifying the proper process and steel as illustrated in Fig. 2 (T. Bell, 2005). The functional part properties that essentially depend on the compound layer are wear resistance, tribological properties, corrosion resistance and general surface appearance. Both abrasive and adhesive wear resistance increase with hardness and with minimised porosity of the compound layer. Porosity can be positive in lubricated machinery parts as the pores act as lubricant reservoirs. The compound layer depth has to be deep enough not to be worn away. The diffusion layer (depth, hardness and residual stress) determines surface fatigue resistance and resistance to surface contact loads. 

Lubricants, Fuels, and Petroleum. The adipate and azelate diesters of through alcohols, as weU as those of tridecyl alcohol, are used as synthetic lubricants, hydrauHc fluids, and brake fluids. Phosphate esters are utilized as industrial and aviation functional fluids and to a smaH extent as additives in other lubricants. A number of alcohols, particularly the Cg materials, are employed to produce zinc dialkyldithiophosphates as lubricant antiwear additives. A smaH amount is used to make viscosity index improvers for lubricating oils. 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate [24247-96-7] serves as a cetane improver for diesel fuels and hexanol is used as an additive to fuel oil or other fuels (57). Various enhanced oil recovery processes utilize formulations containing hexanol or heptanol to displace oil from underground reservoirs (58) the alcohols and derivatives are also used as defoamers in oil production. 

A typical lubrication oil system is shown in Figure 15-1. Oil is stored in a reservoir to feed the pumps and is then cooled, filtered, distributed to the end users, and returned to the reservoir. The reservoir can be heated for startup purposes and is provided with local temperature indication, a high-tempera-ture alarm and high/low level alarm in the control room, a sight glass, and a controlled dry nitrogen purge blanket to minimize moisture intake. 

If the crankcase compression illustrated in Figure 5 is used, the reservoir of lubricating oil normally contained in the crankcase of a four-stroke engine (sec Figure 1) must be eliminated. Cylinder lubrication is then usually accomplished by mixing a small quantity of oil into the fuel. This increases oil consumption. An alternative allowing use of the... 

In the 1840s, America s first petroleum reservoir was discovered in Tarentum, Pennsylvania. By the late 1850s, lubricants and kerosene were being extracted commercially from crude oil. 

Air reservoirs are designed to receive and store pressurized air. Pressure regulating devices are installed to maintain the pressure within operational limits. When the air reservoir is pressurized to the maximum pressure set-point, the pressure regulator causes the air compressor to off-load compression by initiating an electrical solenoid valve to use lubricating oil to hydraulically hold open the low pressure suction valve on the compressor. 

The circulatory systems used in association with machine tools are generally conventional in nature, although occasionally their exceptional size creates special problems. The normal installation comprises a storage tank or reservoir, a pump and filter, suitable sprays, jets or other distribution devices, and return piping. The most recent designs tend to eliminate wick feeds and siphon lubrication. 

There are many kinds of loss-lubrication systems. Most types of linear bearings are necessarily lubricated by this means. An increasingly popular method of lubrication is by automatic or manually operated one-shot lubricators. With these devices, a metered quantity of oil or grease is delivered to any number of points from a single reservoir. The operation may be carried out manually, using a hand-pump, or automatically, by means of an electric or hydraulic pump. Mechanical pumps are usually controlled by an electric timer, feeding lubricant at preset intervals, or are linked to a constantly moving part of the machine. 

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