Lubrication procedures development

Lubrication Procedures and Documentation Development of lubrication procedures consistent with industry best practices must include documentation and training. 

A common feature in the models reviewed above was to calculate pressure and temperature distributions in a sequential procedure so that the interactions between temperature and other variables were ignored. It is therefore desirable to develop a numerical model that couples the solutions of pressure and temperature. The absence of such a model is mainly due to the excessive work required by the coupling computations and the difficulties in handling the numerical convergence problem. Wang et al. [27] combined the isothermal model proposed by Hu and Zhu [16,17] with the method proposed by Lai et al. for thermal analysis and presented a transient thermal mixed lubrication model. Pressure and temperature distributions are solved iteratively in a iterative loop so that the interactions between pressure and temperature can be examined. 

The outcome of dissolution tests on pharmaceutical formulations can be influenced by a nnmber of factors including the nature of the excipients and lubricants, blending method and granulation procedure used. When the solubility of the API is not the limiting factor, the compaction pressure used to produce tablets is inversely proportional to their dissolution rate and, as noted in the previous section, directly proportional to the slope of the NIR spectra for intact tablets. Blanco et have developed various approaches for... 

Pumps and compressors are designed per technical specifications and standards developed over years of operating and maintenance experience. Table lO-lO lists some of these standards for pumps and compressors and for related equipment such as lubrication systems and gearboxes which, if not properly specified, could lead to many operational and maintenance problems with the pumps and compressors. These standards specify design, construction, maintenance, and testing details such as terminology, material selection, shop inspection and tests, drawings, clearances, construction procedures, and so on. 

Semimicro methods of analysis have been extended to the application of such a down to earth problem as the determination of oil in wax by Wiberly and Rather (67). This procedure is certainly no academic development and is at the present time undergoing standardization in the ASTM. It will probably replace the existing macro method. These authors (68) adapted and employed analysis under the microscope to analyze sediments and deposits collected from systems employing petroleum lubricants. The petrographic and binocular microscopes are used for this purpose. 

The rotary-platform, double-head or Taber abrader, unlike those mentioned above, was not developed by the rubber industry but was intended for very general use. It is of the form (d) in Figure 11.4 but uses a pair of abrasive wheels. Although the degree of slip cannot be varied, the Taber is in other ways a very versatile apparatus. It uses a simple flat disc as the test piece which could, if necessary, be fabricated from more than one piece. The force on the test piece and the nature of the abradant are very readily varied and tests can be carried out in the presence of liquid or powder lubricants. When using the usual type of abrasive wheel, a refacing procedure is carried out before each material tested. 

Atomic absorption analysis made available to the routine laboratory an analytical technique which initially was intended to produce considerable simplification of procedures for the analysis of aqueous, acidic or basic solutions, and thereby contribute to a reduction in costs. Numerous reviews show the worldwide application of this technique [15, 40, 77, 126—129, 137]. Nevertheless, some 10 years passed before atomic absorption became part of the international standardisation of analytical methods. At present, there are many standard methods being developed on the basis of atomic absorption [35, 67], Some, dealing with the determination of metals in lubricating oils, are already in use [35, 66], although the overwhelming majority, for example those dealing with the analysis of iron ores [67], are still being developed. The first indication of standardisation of atomic absorption methods for iron and steel analysis was seen in 1973 [8]. 

In the early 1930s, tests were developed which characterized petroleum oils and petroleum fractions, so that various physical characteristics of petroleum products could be related to these tests. Details of the tests can be found in Petroleum Products and Lubricants, an annual publication of the Committee D-2 of the American Society for Testing Materials. These tests are not scientifically exact, and hence the procedure used in the tests must be followed faithfully if reliable results are to be obtained. However, the tests have been adopted because they are quite easy to perform in the ordinary laboratory and because the properties of petroleum fractions can be predicted from the results. The specifications for fuels, oils, and so on, are set out in terms of these tests plus many other properties, such as the flashpoint, the percent sulfur, and the viscosity. 

Isobutylene (2-methyl-1-propene) is used for catalytic alkylation of phenol, to produce f-butylated phenolic antioxidants to improve the shelf life of fuels and lubricants. Some of the alkyl groups found in these phenolics are dimeric (octyl) or trimeric (dodecyl) derivatives of isobutylene. A procedure was developed based on high resolution capillary GC for analysis of these antioxidants, using an SE-30 stationary phase . ... 

The methods of gathering and analyzing lubricant properties and conditions vary widely. Analytical instruments and procedures are often employed in a laboratory to determine important properties of routinely sampled lubricants. Similar instruments can be used remotely in the plant. This practice is often referred to as onsite analysis. In certain cases the instruments or sensors can be used in real time, dedicated to a specific machine and fluid. The management and reporting of lubricant analysis data is typically conducted with the aid of a computer and software developed for this purpose. 

Different engine lubricant testing approvals arise from different attitudes and philosophies in different continents and also different countries within those continents. Issues are now addressed internationally by new test method development and procedures for specifying lubricant qualities, leading to new approval systems. These developments benefit engine and equipment manufacturers, producers of lubricants and additives and, ultimately, users of mechanical systems of whatever form in an eventually international marketplace. 

Automotive production activity is now increasingly globalised, as are also the lubricant companies and their lubricant products, and also the additive companies. The players are now global businesses with common issues to address, well beyond regional and national problems. Whilst European lubricant methods continue to evolve, they increasingly converge with United States and international practice. It is accepted that quality classifications cannot be developed and maintained on poor test procedures, therefore the initial focus was ... 

The former Eastern Bloc (Eastern European) area. Middle East and North Africa developed separate test procedures with locally manufactured engines, intending to give performance levels comparable to API/UK military designations, the quality descriptors used for lubricants in these areas. The distinctive point was usually... 

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