Lube oil additives

The principal valeraldehyde derivatives, -amyl and 2-methylbutyl alcohols, are used predominandy to make ziac diamyldithiophosphate lube oil additives (see Amyl alcohols Lubrication and lubricants), which are employed primarily in automotive antiwear appHcations. Similady, the / -valerate and 2-methylbutyrate esters of pentaerythritol and trimethylolpropane are used ia aeromotive synlube formulations and as refrigerant lubricants. 

The major use of technical grade 4-dodecylphenol is in lube oil additives. 4-Dodecylphenol is converted to a calcium phenolate [50910-68-4] and... 

Some commercially important isobutyl derivatives include isobutyl acetate, employed as a replacement solvent for -butyl acetate zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDPP) lube oil additives isobutyl acrylate [106-62-8] and methacrylate [97-86-9] monomers isobutylamines and amino resins (qv). 

The majority (92% in 1988) of the butyraldehyde produced in the United States is converted into 1-butanol and 2-ethyIhexanol (2-EH). 2-EH is most widely used as the di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [117-81-7] ester for the plasticisation of flexible PVC. Other uses for 2-EH include production of intermediates for acryflc surface coatings, diesel fuel, and lube oil additives (24). 

SFC Petroleum wax Atmospheric and vacuum residues Lube oil additives Open tubular FID... 

GC-SFC Lube oil additives Crude oil, etc. Packed capillary (diol) FID... 

Isobutylene could be dimerized in the presence of an acid catalyst to diisobutylene. The product is a mixture of diisobutylene isomers, which are used as alkylating agents in the plasticizer industry and as a lube oil additive (dimerization of olefins is noted in Chapter 3). 

See also Josephson entries Low temperature superconductors (LTS) Lube basestocks, dewaxing of, 16 844 Lube oil additives, maleic anhydride derivatives as, 15 512. See also Lubricant (lube) additives Lube oil sulfonates... 

Other minor uses of detergent alcohols include lacquer solvent, synthetic lubricants (which need lots of different kinds of slippery long-chain molecules), antifoaming agents, herbicides, lube oil additives, and stabilizers for fire extinguisher foams. ... 

By 2000, the alpha olefin market had grown to more than 3. billion pounds. Technology had brought down the cost of producing them and simultaneously, a broad range of applications for all the alpha olefins expanded rapidly—surfactants, synthetic lubricants, plasticizer alcohols, fatty acids, mercaptans, comonomers, biocides, paper and textile sizing, oil field chemicals, lube oil., additives, plastic processing aids, and cosmetics. 

The variety of alpha olefin application is extensive, including polymers, surfactants, synthetic lubricants, lube oil additives, plasticizer alcohols, mer-captans, and fatty acids. 

Uses Solvent for cellulose acetate, crude rubber, natural resins, nitrocellulose, vinyl resins, waxes, fats, oils, shellac, rubber, DDT, and other pesticides preparation of adipic acid and caprolactum additive in wood stains, paint, PVC paints, lacquers (to prevent blushing or improve flow), and varnish removers degreasing of metals spot remover lube oil additive in PVC adhesives to control evaporation rate leveling agent in dyeing and delustering silk. 

LAOs are copolymerized with polyethylene to form linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). 1-Hexene and 1-octene are especially useful for this purpose. LLDPE accounts for the largest use (31%) of LAOs, while detergent alcohols (23%), lubricants and lube oil additives (17%), and 0x0 alcohols for plasticizers (10%) are other important uses. 

The use of n-paraffins recovered include octane value enhancement of gasoline, solvents and raw materials for biodegradable detergents, fire retardants, plasticizers, alcohol, fatty acids, synthetic proteins, lube oil additives, and a-olefins. A detailed discussion on n-paraffin separation processes is available (1). 

The principal C5 valeraldehyde derivatives, /t-amyl and 2-methyIbutyl alcohols, are used predominantly to make zinc diamyldithiophosphate lube oil additives. 

Cresols are rapidly absorbed thru the skin causing severe burns (Ref 6). They are used as disinfectants, flotation agents ink, paint varnish removers lube oil additives, organic intermediates, and for the production of synthetic resins (Ref 7)... 

The carbonyl functionality of MIBK can be hydrogenated over nickel catalysts to yield methyl isobutyl carbinol (4-methyl-2-pentanol or methyl amyl alcohol) [108-11-2]. Industrial processes coproduce methyl isobutyl carbinol during the hydrogenation of mesityl oxide to MIBK. The product ratio of methyl isobutyl carbinol—MIBK during this reaction can be shifted toward methyl isobutyl carbinol by adopting a higher than normal pressure and H2 organic ratio (59). Methyl isobutyl carbinol is used as an ore flotation frother and to produce zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate lube oil additives. It is produced in the United States by Shell and Union Carbide ( 1.12/kg, October 1994). 

Maleic anhydride is used in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins, copolymers, food additives, agricultural chemicals, and lube oil additives. Agricultural chemicals made from maleic anhydride include daminozide (Alar ), a growth regulator for apples that in 1989 was found to be carcinogenic because of a breakdown product, unsymmetrical dimethyl-hydrazine (UDMH). 

Miscellaneous uses for n-butanol including use as an intermediate in the manufacture of lube oil additives and pharmaceuticals account for about U percent of U.S. demand. 

Isobutanol use in the manufacture of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP), anti-wear lube oil additives, represented 13 percent of domestic consumption. Other alcohols used in this application include methylamyl alcohol, primary amyl,alcohol, n-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol and isooctanol. 

With the exception of Lubrizol, the world leader in this area, and Ethyl, which came to lube oil additives by buying Edwin Cooper off Burmah Oil in 1968, the main suppliers with extensive ranges of additives are the international oil companies Exxon, Chevron, Amoco, and Shell. The business was a natural extension of their lube oil production, which serves as a captive market. 

Linear primary alcohols and alpha olefins in the C6-C 8 range have enjoyed remarkable growth in the last three decades. As esters, the C6—C,0 alcohols are used for plasticizing PVC. In the C 2-C]g range, the alcohols are used to make readily biodegradable surfactants of various types such as ethoxylates (nonionic), alcohol sulfates, and sulfates of ethoxylates (anionic). Alpha olefins are used as polyethylene comonomer (33%) and as raw materials for detergent alcohols (22%), oxo alcohols (10%), and lubricants and lube oil additives (18%). 

Maleic Anhydride. Maleic anhydride is one of the fastest-growing chemical end-uses for butane. The demand in the United States was about 500 million lb in 2000. About 60 percent of the maleic anhydride produced goes into the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins, used primarily in fiber-reinforced plastics for construction, marine, and transportation industries. It is also used to make lube oil additives, alkyd resins, fumaric and malic acids, copolymers, and agricultural chemicals. 

The remaining 30 percent of 1-butene is divided among several uses. About 10-15 percent of the 1-butene is polymerized in the presence of a Ziegler-type catalyst to produce polybutene-1 resin. The markets for this resin are pipe, specialty films, and polymer alloys. Approximately the same volume of 1-butene is reacted with synthesis gas in an oxo reaction to produce valeraldehydes. These C5 aldehydes are then hydrogenated to amyl alcohols or oxidized to valeric acid. Amyl alcohols are consumed in the production of lube oil additives and amyl acetate and in solvent uses. Valeric acid goes into lubricant base stocks and specialty chemicals. 

Aminalion r-butyl amine Rubber accelerator, herbicides, lube-oil additives, pharmaceuticals ... 

---