Miniaturization, extreme

The instrument MIMOS 11 is extremely miniaturized compared to standard laboratory Mossbauer spectrometers and is optimized for low power consumption and high detection efficiency (see Sect. 3.3) and [326, 327, 336-339]. All components were selected to withstand high acceleration forces and shocks, temperature variations over the Martian diurnal cycle, and cosmic ray irradiation. Mossbauer measurements can be done during day and night covering the whole diurnal temperature... 

The modern methods of three dimensional microfabrication have lead to the development of extremely miniaturized chemical and biotechnological systems. These so called microreactors represent novel approaches in respect of production flexibility and chemical reactions not yet applied in chemical processing. This has stimulated world-wide research in this field so that the technical feasibility of such devices has been demonstrated in the laboratory scale. 

All of the sensors described above are chemical sensors utilizing the chemical interaction between COg and a sensing material. In point of conventional analytical equipments, a extremely miniaturized IR sensor for COg was recently developed by Shibata et.al[71,72] of Sanyo Electric, Japan. Miniaturization was achieved by using a new type of psn-oelectric IR detector composed of LiTaOg, a solid-state chopper and an optical filter in a same... 

Medicine is one of many fields that would benefit from extreme miniaturization. There would be many advantages if machines could be made small enough to navigate in the blood to unclog blocked arteries, destroy cancerous cells, and even perform surgeries inside the body. The possibility of miniature electronic devices is also appealing-you could have all the luxuries of the most powerful computers in the palm of your hand. 

It is common for a flexible circuit to be coimected to other circuit boards. However, more traces and a higher density of the connections are then required. The basic design of the end products automatically determines the placement of specialty components such as keyboards, switches, antennas, actuators, printer heads, sensors, microphones, speakers, and buzzers in small electronic applications. Although these components do not require numerous wires, they do need high-density connections due to the extreme miniaturization of portable electronic products. 

Electrochemical sensors are intrinsically dependent on electrochemical conversions and/or electrical properties of the analyte. In this respect it seems almost self-evident that within the past few years new materials and integration of nanosized materials in the receptor layer of the sensor have gained enormous, almost exponentially increasing attention. Nanosized materials facilitate electrochemical sensing in two ways due to the enormous surface-to-volume ratio new material properties with respect to either increased signals or catalytic effects improve the analytical sitoations substantially. Another aspect is miniaturization in contrast to optical devices a miniaturization and multiplication of sensors to form arrays does not infer particular problems, particularly because the technology may be directly taken from electronic industry where the production of extremely miniaturized printed circuit boards is routine technique already. Miniatorization stimulates also... 

The possibility to move from present NEE/NEA (where all nanoelectrodes are interconnected each other) to more sophisticated nanoelectrodes systems, where multiple analyte determination is achieved, as well as the extreme miniaturization of such devices, are obvious for environmental or food analyses and for materials testing as well. 

Sohd tantalum capacitors have a high volumetric capacitance which makes them attractive for use in miniaturized electronic systems like cellular telephones, hand-held video cameras, and personal computers. The insensitivity of their capacitance to temperature and their abiUty to operate at temperature extremes explains why these devices are used in such harsh environments as automobile engine compartments. Sohd tantalum capacitors are extremely rehable and, therefore, are often the capacitor of choice in critical appHcations like spacecraft electronics, pacemakers, and safety equipment. 

There are several means by which boiler water can become highly concentrated. One of the most common is iron oxide deposition on radiant wall tubes. Iron oxide deposits are often quite porous and act as miniature boilers. Water is drawn into the iron oxide deposit. Heat appHed to the deposit from the tube wall generates steam, which passes out through the deposit. More water enters the deposit, taking the place of the steam. This cycle is repeated and the water beneath the deposit is concentrated to extremely high levels. It is possible to have 100,000 ppm of caustic beneath the deposit while the bulk water contains only about 5—10 ppm of caustic. 

The ability to measure temperature and temperature differences accurately and reproducibly is essential to the experimental study of thermodynamics. A thermometer constructed with an ideal gas as its working fluid yields temperatures that correspond to the fundamental thermodynamic temperature scale. However, such thermometers are extremely difficult to use, are not amenable to miniaturization, and are very expensive. Therefore, other means to measure temperatures that reproduce the ideal gas or thermodynamic temperature scale (Kelvin) have had to be developed. The international temperature scale represents a method to determine temperatures over a wide range with measuring devices that are easier to use than the ideal gas thermometer. The goal is to make temperature measurements that correspond to the thermodynamic temperature as accurately as possible. 

HPLC is extremely useful in monitoring and optimizing industrial processes. Conventional process monitors measure only bulk properties, such as the temperature and pressure of a reactor, while HPLC permits continuous realtime monitoring of consumption of starting materials, product composition, and impurity profile. There are a number of new initiatives relevant to HPLC for process monitoring, including sample preparation, automation, miniaturization, and specialized detectors. 

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