Losses in humans

The capacity of the human body to excrete iron is severely limited as compared with most other mammals (Finch et al.f 1978). Iron loss in human beings (per kg body weight) is only one-tenth that of other mammals (Dubach et ah, 1955 Green et ah, 1968 Finch et ah, 1978) and human dietary intake only one-fiftieth to one-hundredth that of other mammals. It follows, as was originally suggested by McCance and... 

Jimenez, P., Canton, J., Collado, A., Cabrera, T., Serrano, A., Real, L. M., Garcia, A., Ruiz-Cabello, F., and Garrido, F., 1999, Chromosome loss is the most frequent mechanism contributing to HLA haplotype loss in human tumors, Int J. Cancer 83 91-77. 

Karlsson, C., Obrant, K. J., and Karlsson, M. (2001). Pregnancy and lactation confer reversible bone loss in humans. Osteoporos. Int. 12, 828-834. 

In this review, we consider the evidence that disturbances in calcium triggered by Ap may contribute to the synaptic loss in human AD. Furthermore, we discuss the likelihood that calcium dyshomeostasis in AD, and AD mouse models, may contribute to memory impairments. We have not discussed the role of the presenilins in calcium homeostasis as they have recently been reviewed (LaFerla, 2002 Smith... 

Then there is HCA, a substance that comes from the Indian plant garcinia cambogia. HCA s full name is hydroxycitric acid. It is the main ingredient in the well-known diet pill Hydroxycut, which also contains green tea extract and other ingredients. Studies using animals have found that HCA may possibly help reduce body fat. Any evidence that it may lead to weight loss in humans is weak at best. 

Kometsky C, Mirsky AF, Kessler EK, and Dorff JE. The effects of dextro-amphet-amine on behavioral deficits produced by sleep loss in humans. I Pharmacol Exp Ther 1959 127 46-50. 

Saal, L.H. et al. 2005. PIK3CA mutations correlate with hormone receptors, node metastasis, and ERBB2, and are mutually exclusive with PTEN loss in human breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 65, 2554—2559. 

DNOC has been associated with cataract formation in humans. Cataract formation is an important reason why the government and the medical community stopped use of DNOC and dinitrophenol for weight- loss in humans. 

Cheng JQ, Jhanwar SC, Lu YY, et al. 1993. Homozygous deletions within 9p21-p22 identify a small critical region of chromosomal loss in human malignant mesotheliomas. Cancer Res 53 4761-4763. 

Stout JC, EUis RJ, Jemigan TL, Archibald SL, Abramson 1, Wolfson T, McCutchan JA, Wallace MR, Atkinson JH, Grant I, HIV Neurobe-havioral Research Center Group (1998) Progressive cerebral volume loss in human immunodeficiency vims infection A longitudinal volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol 55 161-168. 

Brummett RE, Fox KE. Aminoglycoside-mdnced hearing loss in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989 33(6) 797-800. 

Treatment of hypochloremia can usually be achieved with i.v. 0.9% sodium chloride, which contains more chloride relative to sodium than plasma. In horses with high-volume gastric reflux, administration of i.v. histamine H2 receptor antagonists (e.g. cimetidine at 6.6mg/kg i.v. four times a day) reduces gastric hydrochloric acid secretion and may, therefore, reduce chloride loss. In humans, i.v. hydrochloric acid has been used to treat severe hypochloremia (Kwun et al 1983) but carries substantial risks for the patient (Rothe Schimek 1986). 

Many agents are capable of producing visual loss in humans. Table 2 lists selected agents capable of producing chronic toxicity to various portions of the eye. In the following sections, several common or important toxins are discussed. 

DNP that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation (e.g., 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol) also increase the basal metabolic rate and cause weight loss in humans. Amphetamines and heat stress can also mimic the effects of 2,4-DNP. 

The in vitro stabilities of the radioiodinated compound were evaluated by incubating the radiolabelled protein in PBS and in human serum. The radiochemical purities were evaluated at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-labelling. The stability of the labelled compound with low specific activity was compared with that of the labelled compound with high specific activity. The results showed complete retention of the radiochemical purity of the low specific activity preparation for up to 48 h in both media. However, in the case of the high specific activity preparation, rapid degradation of the radiolabelled protein was observed (Fig. 4.1), with a loss of 54% of the radioiodine in PBS and even higher losses in human serum. These results show a dependence of the stability on the specific activity and/or the radioactive concentration resulting from... 

Brummett RE, Fox KE. Aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989 33 797-800. Lane AZ, Wright GE, Blair DC. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of amikacin. Am J Med 1977 62 911-918. 

Pascual-Leone A., Cohen L.G., Shetland L.I., Dang N., Pikus A., Wassermann E.M., Brasil-Neto J.P., Valls-Sole J., and Elallett M. No evidence of hearing loss in humans due to transcranial magnetic... 

DeGioigio, CM, Tomiyasu, U, Gott, PS, Treiman, DM (1992) Hippocampal pyramidal ceU loss in human status epQepticus. Epilepsia, 33 23-27. 

Severity is the potential loss when an event occurs. Some express potential losses in human terms, such as loss of life, serious injury, serious illness, number of cancer cases or similar terms. Some express a loss in financial terms. Examples are dollar value of production interruption, cost to replace lost equipment, cost to replace facilities, or cost of medical treatment, pay compensation for those injured or increased insurance premiums. Some express loss in legal terms, such as number of claims or lawsuits and the liability incurred. For a company, a loss can be a reduction in public image or product image or lost market share. 

Lejeune MPG, Eva M, Kovacs MR, Westerterp-Planlenga MS (2003) Effect of capsaicin on substrate oxidation and weight maintenance after modest body-weight loss in human subjects. Br J Nutr 90 651-659... 

Elderly people, particularly women, tend to develop the condition of osteoporosis in which complete loss of bone tissue occurs in small areas within the bones which become porous and brittle. There is no clear-cut evidence of a relationship between the calcium intake and the rate of bone loss in humans. Nevertheless, it would be unwise to let the calcium intake fall below the recommended level. The practice of adding calcium salts to flour to minimize the likelihood of calcium deficiency would seem to be a sound one, particularly in view of the negative association between the hardness of water and mortality from cardiovascular disease. 

Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Urban RJ, Sanford AP, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA. Essential amino add and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest J Clin Endocrinol Metab... 

CO and cyanide have certain similar toxicities that are a consequence of h)q)oxia such as disruption of cochlear fxmctions (Tawackoli et al., 2001). CO has been foxmd to cause hearing loss in humans (Sato, 1966 Morris, 1969 Goto et al., 1972 Makishima et al., 1977) and in animal models (Douglas et al., 1912 Fechter et al., 1988 Liu and Fechter, 1995). 

Sharp, C.D., Hines, I., Houghton, J., et al., 2003. Glutamate causes a loss in human cerebral endothelial barrier integrity through activation of NMDA receptor. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 285, H2592-H2598. 

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