Gastric reflux

OBD comprises a constellation of GI symptoms including OIC, incomplete evacuation, inhibition of gut peristalsis, bloating, pain, nausea/ vomiting, and increased gastric reflux and tone of intestinal sphincters [3]. Approximately 40% of patients taking chronic opioids for nonmalig-nant pain develop bowel dysfunction [25]. 

A 47-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, gastric reflux, and obesity was premedicated with oxazepam 10 mg and had an infraclavicular brachial plexus block with the same doses of ropivacaine and prilocaine as in the first case 10 minutes later she developed dyspnea and became desaturated. 

Conditions that result in the loss of large volumes of body fluids, such as high-volume diarrhea and gastric reflux, obviously require aggressive fluid therapy. However, many other horses may require fluid therapy because of prolonged mild-to-moderate fluid losses or prolonged reduced fluid intake. In neonatal foals, reduced fluid intake can rapidly result in hypovolemia and severe dehydration. This section addresses the identification of these horses and foals. 

In some horses, enteral nutrition is contraindicated or not practical. This includes adult horses with gastric reflux, ileus, intrathoracic esophageal obsfruction or impaired digestive capacity (such... 

Treatment of hypochloremia can usually be achieved with i.v. 0.9% sodium chloride, which contains more chloride relative to sodium than plasma. In horses with high-volume gastric reflux, administration of i.v. histamine H2 receptor antagonists (e.g. cimetidine at 6.6mg/kg i.v. four times a day) reduces gastric hydrochloric acid secretion and may, therefore, reduce chloride loss. In humans, i.v. hydrochloric acid has been used to treat severe hypochloremia (Kwun et al 1983) but carries substantial risks for the patient (Rothe Schimek 1986). 

Lower Sphincter Prevents gastric juices from entering the esophagus (gastric reflux)... 

Antacid indigestion preparations often contain additional ingredients to control associated symptoms, such as wind, gastric reflux and colicky spasm. 

Peppermint and other volatile oils have surfactant and counterirritant properties. But they are also smooth-muscle relaxants and may aggravate gastric reflux by relaxing the LOS. 

Up to 90% of adult-onset asthma is the result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Treating the gastric reflux will treat the asthma. 

Antacids may be administered after the procedure to counteract the effect of gastric reflux. 

Dettmar PW, Hampson FC, Jain A, Choubey S, Little SL, Baxter T. Administration of an alginate based gastric reflux supiressant on the bioavailability of (xneprazole. Indian J Med ites(2006) 123,517-24. 

Gastric reflux induces inflammation of the normal squamous epithelium of the distal oesophagus. In patients with chronic reflux oesophagitis, metaplastic epithelium is seen. This metaplasia is thus an acquired condition as a tissue response to acid reflux. The secondary cephalad migration of the transition zone depends on the duration and severity of disease. 

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