Loads thickness

Cast-in-place concrete construction (Figures 4.3 and 4.4) is used to resist relatively high blast overpressures where precast concrete is not economical or practical. Horizontal loads are resisted by shear walls. The structure depends on a structural steel or concrete frame to support vertical loads. Thickness of the concrete... 

A single craze is produced at a running crack-tip in PMMA at 20 °C (or perhaps at any temperature from —25 to 70 °C), at a l.Opm/s velocity, under static loading. The craze is kept stretched and cooled to —25 °C to freeze-in any subsequent relaxation. The load-thickness curve of that craze is measured at 11 Hz. 

Because the dimensionless parameters identified were not all independent, only several primitive variables were subsequently varied in a sensitivity study to determine the dependence of the material s thermal response to variations in the load thickness such as the refractory wall thickness, load and refractory thermal diffusivity ratio, the air/fuel mixture used in the combustion, the refractory and load emissivities, the furnace height, and the exposed area of the load. 

HEATING CAPACITY OF BATCH FURNACES 3.5. EFFECT OF LOAD THICKNESS... 

Plates are usually annealed at low rates, such as 30 to 40 min per in. of thickness (12 to 16 min per cm of thickness). Where the gas blanket temperature above and below the plate can be held constant, 20 min/in. (or 8 min/cm) of plate thickness has been satisfactory. The graph of figure 4.21 suggests rates at which various load thicknesses and numbers of heating zones can be heated. 

When heating material of low absorptivity (and emissivity) and high conductivity (such as aluminum), the stock thickness does not affeet fuel eeonomy. However, for a material such as steel (high absorptivity, but low thermal conductivity), the load thickness has a major effect on fuel economy because (a) the surface will be hotter than the interior, and (b) the poc must leave with a higher temperature. Of course, if the loads were left in the furnace longer in hopes of lowering the gas throwaway temperature, the production rate would drop. 

Maximum Permissible Span Using Maximum Permissible Span Using Full-Maximum Intended Load Thickness, Undressed Lumber (lb per sq ft) (feet)... 

These dual layer results provide clear evidence of the existence of mass transport limitations. That the conversion for the dual-layer Fe/Cu catalyst (I, J, K) approached that for the Fe (top) layer at sufficiently high temperature indicates that significant transport limitations were present. In fact, the experiment helps to pinpoint the temperature at which the onset of diffusion limitations occurs for an Fe top layer of a prescribed loading (thickness). As the Fe top layer thickness decreases, the temperature at which the dual layer catalyst conversion is within a few percent of the single layer Fe catalyst (sample F) conversion increases. For example, the conversion for the thickest Fe top layer catalyst (sample I) approaches that of the single layer Fe catalyst at about 300 °C. For next thinner top layers (samples J), the temperature increases to 400 °C. Were diffusion limitations not present, the conversion would approach the arithmetic average of the Fe and Cu catalysts, not unlike a mixed layer catalyst. 

Clearly, the peel strength is not a fundamental property for an adhesive. The value of force per unit width required to initiate or sustain peel is not only a function of the adhesive type, but also depends on the particular test method, rate of loading, thickness and stiffness of the adherend(s) and adhesive as well as other factors. Thus, peel tests generally do not yield results that may be used in quantitative design. This does not imply, however, that the peel test is not a useful test. Peel tests provide quantitative comparisons between different adhesive systems, insight into rate and temperature effects, etc. Additionally, peel tests can be used to provide fracture mechanics information as will be discussed in the next section. In the author s opinion, the latter aspect of peel tests has been perhaps most adroitly exploited by Gent and Hamed [18-20] who used peel tests in conjunction with fracture mechanics to obtain insights into time-temperature effects, the role of plasticity, and many other aspects of adhesive fracture. 

The stress condition in linear elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (that is, parallel to the crack front) most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 

The capacity of a given ceU size constitutes a trade-off in geometric surface area, coating thickness (loading), thickness of the current coUector and thickness of the separator so that the electrodes fit snugly into the can. The capacity is determined by the amount of active material coated onto the current coUector. The active material loading (mg-cm" ) is determined by the... 

Practical applications [2] of a GammaMat M model using the new Selenium crawler camera loaded with approx. 1 TBq (30Ci) on a pipeline of diameter 12 and wall thickness of 0.25 showed 6-7 m axial distance to the exposed source as limit of the radiation controlled area (40pSv/h) and 22m perpendicular to the pipeline. Other authors [3] have reported about a comparison for Ir-192 and Selenium source on a 4.5 diameter pipe and 0,125 steel thickness they have found for 0.7 Tbq (18Ci) Selenium a value of 1 Om behind the film (in the unshielded beam) comparing under same conditions to approx. 40m for Iridium. 

Plywood requirements—includes wood species used, synthetic repair requirements, veneer grades, veneer layers and thicknesses, panel grades with respect to end-use, adhesive bond requirements, panel constmetion and workmanship, scarf and finger-jointed panels, dimensional tolerances, moisture content, and packaging and loading... 

The mats are moved along the line to the press loader. When the loader is filled and the press opens to remove the load of freshly pressed boards, the loader pushes the new boards into the unloader and deposits the load of mats on the press platens. The press closes as quickly as possible to the desired panel thickness. More pressure, as much as 4.8—6.9 MPa (700—1000 psi) is required to press high density dry-process hardboard, because the dry fiber exhibits much more resistance to compression and densification than wet fiber. Press temperatures are also higher, in the range of 220—246°C. No screens are used in the dry-process, but the moisture in the mats requires a breathe cycle during pressing to avoid blowing the boards apart at the end of the cycle. Because no screens are used, the products are called smooth-two-sides (S-2-S), in contrast to the wet-process boards, which have a screen pattern embossed into the back side and are known as smooth-one-side (S-l-S). 

A special coil configuration is used to heat thin strips of metal that caimot be heated efficiently with a coil that encircles the load, as the strip thickness is small compared to the depth of penetration. The transverse flux induction coil is positioned on either side of a strip to produce a uniformly heated strip with good efficiency in a much smaller space than conventional radiant or convective strip heating furnaces (6). 

Barcol Indenter. The Barcol hardness tester is a hand-held, spring-loaded instmment with a steel indenter developed for use on hard plastics and soft metals (ASTM D2583) (2). In use the indenter is forced into the sample surface and a hardness number is read direcdy off the integral dial indicator caUbrated on a 0 to 100 scale. Barcol hardness numbers do not relate to nor can they be converted to other hardness scales. The Barcol instmment is caUbrated at each use by indenting an aluminum ahoy standard disk suppHed with it. The Barcol test is relatively insensitive to surface condition but may be affected by test sample size and thickness. 

Operator skih and experience are necessary to obtain consistent results usiag a Durometer. Speed of load appHcation, dweh time, and sample thickness can affect reproducibhity of results. Durometer cahbration prior to each test series is done usiag a test block provided with the iastmment. When large numbers of tests are required, improved consistency of results are obtained if the Durometer is used with the accessory vertical stand rather than hand held. 

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