Live recombinant vaccines

Georgiou, G., Stathopoulus, C., Daugherty, P. S., Nayak, A. R., Iverson, B. L., and Curtiss III, R. (1997). Display of heterologous proteins on the surface of microorganisms from the screening of combinatorial libraries to live recombinant vaccines. Nature Biotechnology, 15, 29-34. 

One attempt to develop safe and efficacious live recombinant vaccines is the use of low neurovirulent strains of vaccinia virus LC 16 m O (m O) or LC 16 m 8 (m 8). A recombinant Vaccinia virus vaccine (RW) expressing hepatitis B surface antigen likely to form the basis of a... 

It is an immunobiological substance for producing specific protection against a given disease. It stimulates the production of protective antibodies and other immune mechanisms. Vaccines may be prepared from attenuated live organisms, inactivated or killed microorganisms, toxoids or combination of these and more recent one are recombinant vaccines. 

Recombinant techniques (Ogra et al. 2001) for generating purified antigens in large quantities have been used for the development of several vaccines including the hepatitis B virus vaccine (oral hepatitis B vaccine based on live recombinant adenovirus) (Lubeck et al. 1989). Other examples of recombinantly produced vaccines include vaccines containing tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxin, and acellular pertussis toxoid. 

Nayak, A. R., Tinge, S. A., Tart, R. C., McDaniel, L. S., and Briles, D. E., 3rd, and Curtiss, R. (1998), A live recombinant avirulent oral Salmonella vaccine expressing pneumococcal surface protein A induces protective responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Infect. Immun., 66,3744—3751. 

Kaper JB, Levine MM (1990) Recombinant attenuated Vibrio cholerae strains used as live oral vaccines. In Res. Microbiol. 141 901 —906. 

Ranallo, R.T., Barnoy, S., Thakkar, S., et al. (2006) Developing live Shigella vaccines using lambda Red recombineering. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 47, 462-469. 

Vaccination to induce an adaptive immune response is expected for a broad range of infectious diseases and cancers. Traditional vaccines are mainly composed of live attenuated viruses, whole inactivated pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins. In general, these approaches have been successful for developing vaccines that can induce an immune response based on antigen-specific antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which kill host cells infected with intracellular organisms (Fig. 1) [1,2], One of the most important current issues in vaccinology is the need for new adjuvants (immunostimulants) and delivery systems. Many of the vaccines currently in development are based on purified subunits, recombinant... 

Several HIV vaccine systems based upon live vectors have also been developed, in an attempt to stimulate a significant T cell as well as B cell immune response. Both envelope and core antigens have been expressed in a number of recombinant viral systems, most notably in vaccinia. The clinical efficacy of these remain to be established. 

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