Scale liquid mixtures homogenization

Alloys are classified broadly in two categories, single-phase alloys and multiple-phase alloys. A phase is characterized by having a homogeneous composition on a macroscopic scale, a uniform structure, and a distinct interface with any other phase present. The coexistence of ice, liquid water, and water vapor meets the criteria of composition and structure, but distinct boundaries exist between the states, so there are three phases present. When liquid metals are combined, there is usually some limit to the solubility of one metal in another. An exception to this is the liquid mixture of copper and nickel, which forms a solution of any composition between pure copper and pure nickel. The molten metals are completely miscible. When the mixture is cooled, a solid results that has a random distribution of both types of atoms in an fee structure. This single solid phase thus constitutes a solid solution of the two metals, so it meets the criteria for a single-phase alloy. 

Eductor reactors of which the Buss loop is the commercially most successful. These have significant application in medium and fine scale reactions, especially with simple homogenous catalysis (eg. liquid acid or base catalysed). The gas liquid mixture is fed through a constriction that forces intense intermixing of the phases, and frequently initial bubble sizes of less than 1 mm. Catalyst attrition issues have thus far inhibited widespread use of these for slurry systems. The use of eductor systems with fixed beds has been demonstrated at the laboratory scale. ... 

If prior information is not available, solvent selection should be based on some small-scale trials. A few millimetres of suspension or solution to be extracted are placed in a small test tube and shaken with an equal volume of diethyl ether, when dissolution of suspended material clearly indicates that the solvent would be satisfactory. If the solution to be extracted is homogeneous initially, then the ether solution is removed with a dropper pipette on to a watch glass, and the ether is allowed to evaporate to determine whether material has been extracted. A little experience soon enables the student to differentiate between organic liquids so extracted and traces of water simultaneously removed during the extraction process. If extraction with diethyl ether proves unsatisfactory the experiment is repeated with a fresh sample of reaction mixture... 

These are very intimate mixtures composed of two or more sohd phases that differ in composition and each with particle sizes of 10 to 20 mn. Solid phases of these dimensions produce sols when dispersed in a liquid. Two or more sols of different composition can be uniformly mixed and gelled to obtain compositionally different nanocomposites. Figure 13.1a shows the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) picture of a sol-gel nanocomposite of mulhte composition consisting of spherical sihca particles (20 nm) and rod-like alumina (boehmite) particles (approximately 7 nm). Such a uniform physical mixture can be distinguished from a homogeneous sol-gel material which does not show any nonuniformity because it is mixed on an atomic scale (Figure 13.1b). The compositionally... 

At the macroscopic scale, the reaction mixture of an emulsion polymerization appears as an apparently homogeneous but turbid liquid of quite low viscosity. The milky white or opaque appearance of the latex is the result of multiple... 

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