Small modular reactors

Stewart, J., A. Lamont, and G.S. Rothwell (2001), Tlie Economic Feasibility of Small Modular Reactors, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Nov.). 

Reduced dimensions with the consequent possibility of considering small modular reactors with intrinsic emergency cooling. 

This section includes a brief early history of the development of nuclear power, primarily in the United States. Individual chapters cover the pressurized water reactor (PVVR), boiling water reactor (BWR), and the CANDU Reactor. These three reactor types are used in nuclear power stations in North America, and represent more than 90% of reactors worldwide. Further, this section includes a chapter describing the gas cooled reactor, liquid metal cooled fast reactor, the molten salt reactor, and small modular reactors, and concludes with a discussion of the next generation of reactors, known as "Gen IV."... 

R D on key techniques Demonstration of modular technology Application of small modular reactor... 

As noted in a paper authored by N. G. Trikouros of NRC and published in Nuclear Technology in 2012, small modular reactors (SMRs) are not a new idea. Trikouros writes ... 

J. Buongiorno, June 2012, Small Is Beautiful A Review of the Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Designs, New England Chapter of the ANS, Wellesley, MA. 

The second edition of this handbook contains some new and updated information including chapters on liquid metal cooled fast reactors, liquid fueled molten salt reactors, and small modular reactors that have been added to the first section on reactors. In the second section, a new chapter on fuel cycles has been added that presents fuel cycle material generally and from specific reactor types. In addition, the material in the remaining chapters has been reviewed and updated as necessary. The material in the third section has also been revised and updated as required with new material in the thermodynamics chapter and economics chapters, and also includes a chapter on the health effects of low level radiation. 

Chapters 6 through 8 give an introductory look at the liquid metal cooled reactor system, the molten salt reactor, and also the small modular reactor systems. Chapter 9 introduces the Gen IV reactor design concepts that have been developed by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE). 

A small modular reactor nominal power level is 125 MW(th) with possible upgrade to -180 MW(th) ... 

STEWART, J.S., et al.. An economic analysis of generation IV small modular reactors, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-ID-148437... 

In the past the development of fast reactors has been characterised by the convergence of most but not all programmes to a single design style, that of the large oxide-fuelled reactor with a pool layout of the primary circuit typified by BN-600 and Super-Phenix. It seemed probable that the proponents of alternative styles, and in particular the use of metal fuel, small modular reactors and loop primary circuits, would eventually capitulate to the majority trend. 

Although many CHF correlations exist, it is important to perform experiments specifically for each reactor core, once the phenomenon depends on a lot of factors such as geometry, subcooling, pressure, mass flux, materials, etc. Besides, currently theoretical models cannot predict CHF because of its complexity. Thus, other CHF correlations for small modular reactors have been also researched (Greenwood et al. 2013). 

This chapter consists of materials and figures taken directly from the Generation IV International Fomm (GIF) website https //www.gen-4.org/gifrjcms/c 9260/public (accessed January 17, 2016) with the permission of the GIF. In general, the GIF and its six Generation IV nuclear reactor concepts are not the only next generation or advanced reactors (ARs) currently under development in the world. Advanced small modular reactors (SMRs) can be considered under the class of ARs or next generation reactors. Therefore, advanced SMRs are considered in chapter Advanced small modular reactors (SMRs) of this handbook. 

Choi, S., Hwang, I.S., Cho, J.H., Shim, C.B., September 28—30, 2011. URANUS Korean Lead—Bismuth cooled small modular fast reactor activities. Paper No. SMR2011-6650. In ASME 2011 Small Modular Reactors Symposium, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 107—112. Cinotti, L., LocateUi, G., Ait Abderrahim, H., Monti, S., Benamati, G., Tucek, K., Struwe, D., Orden, A., Corsini, G., Le Carpentier, D., September 14—19, 2008. The ELSY project. Paper 377. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Physics of Reactors (PHYSOR), Interlaken, Switzerland. 

Shin, Y.H., et al., 2015. Advanced passive design of small modular reactor cooled by heavy liquid metal natural circulation. Progress in Nuclear Energy 83, 433—442. 

Soon Hwang KNS 2008 PAS CAR-DEMO — a small Modular reactor for PEACER demonstration... 

Sungyeol Choi Nuclear Engineering and Design PASCAR Long burning small modular reactor based on natural circulation... 

Jae Hyun Cho HLMC-2013 Design optimization of small modular reactors with natural circulation of lead—bismuth coolant... 

Jae Hyun Cho Nuclear Engineering and Design Power maximization method for land-transportable fully passive lead—bismuth cooled small modular reactor systems... 

Part Three presents key related topics essential to the design, development, deployment, and acceptance of the Generation IV and advanced nuclear reactor concepts, which include the safety of advanced reactors, nonproliferation for advanced reactors (political and social aspects), thermal aspects of conventional and alternative fuels, hydrogen co-generation with Generation IV nuclear power plants, and advanced small modular reactors. Correspondingly, Part Three consists of five chapters (Chapters 16—20) written by top international experts working within these areas. 

SMR-160 (Small Modular Reactor Holtec International) PBMR (Pebble-Bed Modular Reactor) Traveling wave reactor (TerraPower)... 

W-SMR (Westinghouse Small Modular Reactor Westinghouse) EM (Energy Multiplier Module General Atomics) PFBR (Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor India)... 

Yetisir, M., Gaudet, M., Duffey, R., 2015. SuperSafe Reactor (SSR) a supercritical water-cooled small reactor. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Meeting on Small Modular Reactors, Canadian Nuclear Society, Ottawa, Canada November 7—9. 

The key words of small and modular make the small modular reactors (SMRs) different than other reactors. Small denotes the reactor s decreased power size. Modular denotes (1) the primary coolant system (such as the reactor (RX) component in a light water SMR) enveloped by a pressure boundary and (2) modular construction of components. Modular design requires compact architecture that is built in facility. For instance, the term of modular for a light water SMR (LW-SMR) is used for the RX, since it covers the reactor core and primary coolant system so that the overall power of a power plant can easily be increased by increasing the modular units. 

LW-SMRs can be considered in the category of Generation III+ (Gen-III+). Some of the LW-SMRs, such as Westinghouse Small Modular Reactor (W-SMR), have inherited some safety features of licensed Gen-III+ reactors, such as the APIOOO, which is the hcensed commercial design. LW-SMRs generally use integrated RXs, which envelop the core, steam generator (SG), the pump, and the pressurizer (PRZ). 

---