Merchant chemicals

TKPP (K4P2O7) is a merchant chemical produced by many major companies throughout the world. It is available commercially as a free flowing, white, grsr.ular solid or as a 60% wt. solution. In addition to its widespread use in the liquid detergent formulations, TKPP is also utilized in the food industry. It has been certified by the U. S. Department of Transportation as nontoxic. The solubility of TKPP in water at 60° F is shown in Table I. It is possible to achieve increased density at temperatures above 60° F because of increased solubility. 

Chemical Conversion. In both on-site and merchant air separation plants, special provisions must be made to remove certain impurities. The main impurity of this type is carbon monoxide, CO, which is difficult to separate from nitrogen using distiHation alone. The most common approach for CO removal is chemical conversion to CO2 using an oxidation catalyst in the feed air to the air separation unit. The additional CO2 which results, along with the CO2 from the atmosphere, is then removed by a prepuritication unit in the air separation unit. 

Uses. The largest uses of butanediol are internal consumption in manufacture of tetrahydrofuran and butyrolactone (145). The largest merchant uses are for poly(butylene terephthalate) resins (see Polyesters,thermoplastic) and in polyurethanes, both as a chain extender and as an ingredient in a hydroxyl-terminated polyester used as a macroglycol. Butanediol is also used as a solvent, as a monomer for vadous condensation polymers, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals. 

Mitsui Toatsu Chemical, Inc. disclosed a similar process usiag Raney copper (74) shortiy after the discovery at Dow, and BASF came out with a variation of the copper catalyst ia 1974 (75). Siace 1971 several hundred patents have shown modifications and improvements to this technology, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, and reviews of these processes have been pubHshed (76). Nalco Chemical Company has patented a process based essentially on Raney copper catalyst (77) ia both slurry and fixed-bed reactors and produces acrylamide monomer mainly for internal uses. Other producers ia Europe, besides Dow and American Cyanamid, iaclude AUied CoUoids and Stockhausen, who are beheved to use processes similar to the Raney copper technology of Mitsui Toatsu, and all have captive uses. Acrylamide is also produced ia large quantities ia Japan. Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi are the largest producers, and both are beheved to use Raney copper catalysts ia a fixed bed reactor and to sell iato the merchant market. 

The largest production of acrylamide is in Japan the United States and Europe also have large production faciUties. Some production is carried out in the Eastern Bloc countries, but details concerning quantities or processes are difficult to obtain. The principal producers in North America are The Dow Chemical Company, American Cyanamid Company, and Nalco Chemical Company (internal use) Dow sells only aqueous product and American Cyanamid sells both Hquid and sohd monomer. In Europe, Chemische Eabrik Stockhausen Cie, Ahied CoUoids, The Dow Chemical Company, and Cyanamid BV are producers Dow and American Cyanamid are the only suppHers to the merchant market, and crystalline monomer is available from American Cyanamid. Eor Japan, producers are Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Mitsui Toatsu, and Nitto Chemical Industries Company (captive market). Crystals and solutions are available from Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi, whereas only solution monomer is available from Nitto. 

Most manufacturers sell a portion of their alcohol product on the merchant market, retaining a portion for internal use, typically for the manufacture of plasticizers. Sterling Chemicals linear alcohol of 7, 9, and 11 carbons is all used captively. Plasticizer range linear alcohols derived from natural fats and oils, for instance, octanol and decanol derived from coconut oil and 2-octanol derived from castor oil, are of only minor importance in the marketplace. 

Key contents of a purchase profile report for a specific chemical are identity, location, and capacity of primary vendors expected additions or deletions of capacity and their timing captive use/merchant supply status of each vendor pricing history pricing induences (feedstock, energy, etc) demand by use and anticipated growth and demand in the purchaser company up to five or ten years ahead. 

H. Simka, P. Merchant, P. Futerko, and K. F. Jensen, 13th International Symposium on Chemical Eeaction Engineering, Reaction Engineering Science and... 

Economic Aspects. The price of sulfur dichloride was 0.26 /kg bulk ia 1995. Akzo Nobel is the only U.S. producer with merchant sales. Whereas some companies stiH produce sulfur dichloride for captive use (158), Occidental Chemical Company ended sulfur dichloride production ialate 1993. 

Economic Aspects. The tmddoad price of sulfuryl chloride in mid-1995 was l/kg. Occidental Chemical Company (Niagara Falls, New York) is the only merchant producer. A large amount is made and used captively by DuPont for manufacture of chlorosulfonated elastomer. 

The merchant market for chi orohydrin s is small, primarily for specialty appHcations. Ethylene chlorohydrin is sold ia the United States by BASF Corp., Parsippany, N.J., available ia 230 kg net lined steel dmms. Glycerol monochlorohydrin (3-chloro-l,2-propanediol) is available from Dixie Chemical Co., Houston, Tex., in lined steel dmms (227.3 kg net) from Raschig Corp., Richmond, Va. and from Henley Chemicals, Inc., Montvale, N.J., ia steel dmms (240 kg net). Glycerol dichi orohydrin (l,3-dichloro-2-propanol) is not currentiy being produced for the U.S. merchant market but has been available ia the past at a selling price of 5—6/kg. 

Cumene sold as merchant grade for chemical purposes is usually produced to the specifications Hsted in Table 4. Captively manufactured cumene typically ... 

It is sincerely hoped that the information presented in this document will lead to an even more impressive record for the entire industry however, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants, CCPS Subcommittee members, their employers, their employers officers and directors, and Arthur D. Little, Inc., disclaim making or giving any warranties or representations, express or implied, including with respect to fitness, intended purpose, use or merchantability and/or correctness or accuracy of the content of the information presented in this document. As between (1) American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants, CCPS Subcommittee members, their employers, their employers officers and directors, and Arthur D. Little, Inc., and (2) the user of this document, the user accepts any legal liability or responsibility whatsoever for the consequence of its use or misuse. 

Lipases also catalyze the intramolecular transesterification (lactonization) of hydroxy esters. Macrolactonization of a racemic hydroxy ester in the presence of PSL provided the corresponding (R)-lactone (Figure 6.22). This compound is the naturally occurring enantiomer of the pheromone produced by the merchant grain beetle [70]. Chemical macrolactonizations require high dilution to minimize... 

Bernard Ephraim Julius Pagel was bom in Berlin on 4 January 1930, but when his father was dismissed from his post as Jewish persecution increased, the family moved to Britain in 1933. From Merchant Taylors School he won an open scholarship in Natural Sciences at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, graduating with First-class honours in Physics in 1950. His early research at Cambridge (Ph.D. 1955) centred on the solar atmosphere. Inspired by Willy Fowler, a future Nobel Prize winner who was visiting from California, he started a life-long interest in the abundances of the chemical elements. 

Hydrogen for industrial facilities is mainly produced where it is also immediately used (so-called captive hydrogen ). Only around 5% of total hydrogen production is sold on the free market and transported in liquid or gaseous form in trailers or pipelines (so-called merchant hydrogen ). Hydrogen pipelines have already been operated by the chemical industry in the United States and in Europe (particularly Germany, France and the Netherlands) for decades (see also Chapter 12). 

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