Phosphates alkali metal

AMP-1 4.0 Microcrystalline ammonium molybdo-phosphate with cation exchange capacity of 1.2 mequiv/g. Selectively adsorbs larger alkali metal ions from smaller alkali metal ions, particularly cesium. 

Complex Ion Formation. Phosphates form water-soluble complex ions with metallic cations, a phenomenon commonly called sequestration. In contrast to many complexing agents, polyphosphates are nonspecific and form soluble, charged complexes with virtually all metallic cations. Alkali metals are weakly complexed, but alkaline-earth and transition metals form more strongly associated complexes (eg, eq. 16). Quaternary ammonium ions are complexed Htde if at all because of their low charge density. The amount of metal ion that can be sequestered by polyphosphates generally increases... 

Alkali Meta.IPhospha.tes, A significant proportion of the phosphoric acid consumed in the manufacture of industrial, food, and pharmaceutical phosphates in the United States is used for the production of sodium salts. Alkali metal orthophosphates generally exhibit congment solubility and are therefore usually manufactured by either crystallisation from solution or drying of the entire reaction mass. Alkaline-earth and other phosphate salts of polyvalent cations typically exhibit incongment solubility and are prepared either by precipitation from solution having a metal oxide/P20 ratio considerably lower than that of the product, or by drying a solution or slurry with the proper metal oxide/P20 ratio. 

Other oxoacid salts of the alkali metals are discussed in later chapters, e.g. borates (p. 205), silicates (p. 347), phosphites and phosphates (p. 510), sulfites, hydrogensulfates, thiosulfates, etc. (p. 706) selenites, selenates, tellurites and tellurates (p. 781), hypohalites, halites, halates and perhalates (p. 853), etc. 

Lithium orthophosphates are unimportant and differ from the other alkali metal phosphates in being insoluble. At least 10 crystalline hydrated or anhydrous sodium orthophosphates are known and these can be grouped into three series ... 

To accelerate the polymerization process, some water-soluble salts of heavy metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Pb) are added to the reaction system (0.01-1% with respect to the monomer mass). These additions facilitate the reaction heat removal and allow the reaction to be carried out at lower temperatures. To reduce the coagulate formation and deposits of polymers on the reactor walls, the additions of water-soluble salts (borates, phosphates, and silicates of alkali metals) are introduced into the reaction mixture. The residual monomer content in the emulsion can be decreased by hydrogenizing the double bond in the presence of catalysts (Raney Ni, and salts of Ru, Co, Fe, Pd, Pt, Ir, Ro, and Co on alumina). The same purpose can be achieved by adding amidase to the emulsion. 

Care must be taken here not to confuse acid cleaners with the high-strength, phosphoric acid-based chemical polishes and chemical brighteners, which are used specifically to obtain the surface finish which such materials produce. Also in the category of acid cleaners could be considered the lightweight alkali-metal phosphating cleaner-coater solutions, but a discussion on such materials is best left to specialist publications on metal pretreatment chemicals. 

Very thin coatings of iron phosphate can be produced by treatment with solutions of alkali metal phosphate. These serve a useful purpose for the... 

Alkali-metal phosphates have been incorporated in antifreeze solutions but there are indications of unfavourable behaviour with aluminium alloys... 

Phosphate, arsenate, and vanadate interfere. Borate, fluoride, and large amounts of aluminium, calcium, magnesium, and the alkali metals have no effect in the determination, but large amounts of iron (> 5 per cent) appear to produce slightly low results. 

When ethoxylated nonylphenol and polyethylene glycol is treated with a mixture of H2S04 and H3P04 and neutralized with an alkali metal hydroxide or amine, surfactants containing sulfate esters and phosphate esters are obtained which cause little corrosion of metals such as surfaces of laundering equipments and automobiles [55]. 

Use chemical behavior and electronegativities to assess the reasonableness of the assignments. Phosphoric acid can be viewed as the phosphate anion (-3 charge) associated with three H ions. Sodium, an alkali metal, readily forms cations with +1 charge, hi KH, the assignments are consistent with the electronegativities (jjf) of the two elements — 0.8, = 2.1. 

Phosphates por Insoluble, except those of alkali metals and ammonium. 

Admixture incompatibilities - Magnesium sulfate in solution may result in a precipitate formation when mixed with solutions containing Alcohol (in high concentrations) alkali carbonates and bicarbonates alkali hydroxides arsenates barium calcium clindamycin phosphate heavy metals hydrocortisone sodium succinate phosphates polymyxin B sulfate procaine hydrochloride salicylates strontium tartrates. 

Niaura and Jakubenas [124] have studied the effect of alkali metal ions on the SERS spectra of phosphate anions adsorbed at Ag electrodes. The formation of ion pairs at the interface has been confirmed. 

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