Unreacted residue

Although the usual nomenclature in calling this solid a "residue" has been followed, such nomenclature is misleading in terms of reaction mechanism. Some of the "residue" formed in the reaction of the whole coal is genuine unreacted residue and some is a reaction product with the evidence suggesting that condensation reactions may be involved in its formation (10). 

It is very important to maximise the chlorination of the furnace charge components. If nonchlorinated residue accumulates, it noticeably increases the resistance in the furnace (because the melt impregnates the unreacted residue), impairs the distribution of chlorine in the furnace and causes other serious problems. 

Unreacted chloro groups can be hydrolyzed to hydroxyl groups and then be reacted again with trimethylchlorosilane to eliminate as many hydroxyl groups as possible. This last silanization step is referred to as end capping-, it also removes most of the previously unreacted, residual silanol groups on the surface of the silica where the larger ODS was not able to penetrate. Supports that have been end capped are usually found to have different selectivities from those that are not as fully reacted. 

With regard to the silica-based reversed-phase stationary phase, unreacted residual silanol groups may play a significant role in IIC because it was shown that... 

Fig. 9.—Radioautograph of paper chromatogram showing radioactive Schardinger dextrins produced from radioactive glycogen by B. macerans amylase. Small amounts of linear oligosaccharides together with unreacted residues from the glycogen were removed by beta amylase action and converted to maltose and maltotriose.

The unreacted residual trans-monomer was found to consist of only fumarate after polymerization of the complex 6a by means of HPLC. In contrast, the residual 7a was detected to consist of cis- and trans-isomer during the polymerization. This means that the complexed ds-isomer 7a isomerized to trans configuration in the presence of radicals. Figure 13 shows the chromatograms of monomers obtained during the polymerization of complex 7a with redox initiator. It indicates that the peak of trans-monomer increased with increasing reaction time. Therefore, it was clear that the polymerization of cis-olefin monomers 7 in the presence of both CD and redox initiator takes place via an isomerization radical polymerization... 

The two solutions are mixed and padded onto the cloth under conditions which give a 70 per cent take-up. The fabric is dried and baked at 142°C (288°F) for 4 minutes and then washed well to remove any unreacted residual substances. 

The presence of additives, fillers, unreacted residual monomers and/or impurities, whether deliberately included in the formulation of a resin or left over as undesirable by-products of synthesis. For example, plasticizers of low molecular weight generally decrease Tg [18,30,67,68], as will be discussed further in Section 6.D. On the other hand, under some conditions, Tg may increase when rigid nanoscale additives are incorporated [65]. 

The unreacted residual AlClg and the AlClg-complex is usually decomped by the addition of dilute HCl followed by water and to finally obtain a dark oil floating on the surface of water. 

A typical fermentation culture is an aqueous mixture of microorganisms or biopolymers, unreacted residues of nutrients, byproducts, process-controlling additives, and other components, with solid content amounting to only several percent. Thus, the solid sorbent used in contact-sorption drying performs two basic functions ... 

With regard to the silica-based RP stationary phase, unreacted residual silanol groups may play a significant role in IIC because it was shown that they are ion-exchange sites not only for analyte cations but also for alkylammonium HR. The higher retentions that were noticed for the silica-based stationary phase if compared to end-capped or polymer-based packings supports this. 

Washing out of unreacted residuals and reaction by-products (very critical when the affinity medium is used for purification of a therapeutic protein)... 

Isoprene, which undergoes significant monohydroboration with disiamylbo-rane, however, produces 1,4-dibora product (46%) with 9-BBN along with the unreacted residual isoprene (50%). 

IR spectra [19], this constrained dynamics effect was caused by chemical bonding of some of PHEMA hydroxyls with unreacted, residual isocyanate groups of PU network, i.e., by some hybridization of the semi-IPN constituents. 

Yael Miron, Richard W. Watson, and Edmund Hay, Nonideal Detonation Behavior of Suspended Explosives as Observed from Unreacted Residues , Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Analysis and and Detection of Explosives, FBI Academy, March (1984). 

White and Black Liquor Oxidation. White liquor is an alkaline solution of sodium sulfide (Na2S) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used to react with and remove lignin from wood chips during a kraft cook. Black liquor is the liquor separated from the pulp following the cook and contains the unreacted (residual) cooking chemicals and dissolved wood components. Both the white and black liquors contain Na2S, which requires oxidation at certain points in the kraft process. 

Fig. 9. Polymerization of f-butyl thiirane using ZnEtj —(->-tBu—CHOH—CHjOH (1 1) as initiator. Variation of ol/olq with conversion. unreacted residual monomer -theoretical curve...

Additives, Fiiiers, Unreacted Residual Monomers and/or Impurities. 

Incorporation of Ionic Charges. The effects of ionic interactions were discussed briefly in the paragraph titled Additives, Fillers, Unreacted Residual Monomers and/or Impurities, in the narrow context of the possible effects of the incorporation of rigid nanoscale additives on the value of Tg. The effects of incorporating ionic charges on polymer chains will now be discussed in a broader context. An ionic polymer (sometimes referred to as an ionomer ) contains both... 

---