Cuticle removers

Customblen Cut-and-paste plot plans Cutback asphalt Cutback asphalts Cuticle removers Cutin... 

Over the years the cosmetic iadustry has created a wide variety of products for nail care. Some of these, such as cuticle removers and nail hardeners, are functional others, such as nail lacquers, lacquer removers, and nail elongators, are decorative. 

Functional Nail-Care Products. Cuticle removers are solutions of dilute alkaHes that faciHtate removal, or at least softeniag, of the cuticle. Formulations containing as much as 5% potassium hydroxide have been reported. Such preparations may contain about 10% glycerine to reduce dryiag, and thickeners, such as clays, to reduce mnoff Lipids and other conditioners are iacluded to reduce damage to tissues other than the cuticle. 

In a number of cosmetic procedures, such as softening of cuticles, removal of warts, and cleaning of dentures ... 

Products and Uses A chemical added in soap, bleach, drain cleaners, liquid fertilizers, oven cleaners, paint remover, varnish removers, cosmetic cuticle remover, shaving lotions, hand creams, and facial blushes. 

Products and Uses An active ingredient in drain cleaners, oven cleaners, caustic sodas, lye, black olives, brandy, margarine, meat food products, poultry products, wine spirit (brandies, sherries, and so on). Added to hair processing (straightening) products, cuticle removers, and shaving cream products. It is an emulsifier in liquid cosmetics. 

Cuticle Removers or Softeners are Dilute Alkaline Solutions... 

Cuticle removers or softeners contain the following ingredients ... 

Cuticle removers may be irritating if used improperly, but they have a short contact time and do not appear to be important allergens. They should not be tested in a closed patch test. There is a report of a manicurist who developed dermatitis on her hand from an allergy to an orangewood stick, an instrument used during a manicure to push back the softened... 

The most common products (excluding decorative products containing colouring agents dealt with in Chapter 4) are nail-polish removers, nail builders and strengtheners, cuticle removers and moisturizers, and nail oeams. 

Complete removal of degraded or damaged portions of the wool (not merely the cuticle) using (i) protease treatment (ii) formic acid rinse and application of a softener. 

Ecdysis is the final stage and results in the shedding of the old cuticle. Immediately prior to ecdysis the pharynx begins twitching and gland secretions, predominantly composed of proteases, are released to aid removal of the old cuticle. Finally the pharynx lining is replaced and the animal then pushes with its head to break out of the old cuticle. 

The cuticle, being attached to the epidermal cells via a pectinaceous layer, can be released by disruption of this layer by chemicals such as ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid or by pectin-degrading enzymes. After treatment of the recovered cuticular layer with carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes to remove the remaining attached carbohydrates, the soluble waxes can be removed by ex-... 

Cutin-Wax Interactions. In order to obtain a more complete structural picture of plant cuticle, 13C CPMAS data were also obtained for the polymeric assembly prior to removal of waxes (Figure 5). A second (CH2)n peak appeared in the spectrum, and additional signal intensity in the carboxyl region produced a single broadened peak. Bulk methylene carbons from cutin and wax components exhibited identical values of Tip(H), indicating that they were mixed intimately and shared a common 1H spin reservoir... 

The insecticides that have a longer residual life (DDT and to a limited extent phosphamidon) do so because they are absorbed into the waxy layer of the cuticle and are protected from the environment. This protection from the environment may also remove the insecticide as a biological hazard. 

Figure 16.1 The three levels of molecular recognition in the pheromone olfactory system of insects. Pheromone adsorbs on the cuticle, where it enters the sensillum lymph through pores (1). The first level of molecular recognition occurs when the PBP binds and desorbs the pheromone from the cuticle (2). PBP transports the pheromone through the lymph to the receptor, where the second level of recognition occurs (3). The third level of recognition involves the pheromone-degrading enzymes, which rapidly inactivate pheromone that has dissociated from the PBP (4). PBP-pheromone and/or pheromone alone may also be removed by an endocytotic process, possibly mediated by SNMP (5). Finally, intracellular enzymes may be involved in further removal of pheromone (6).

The inducibility of Prl by proteinaceous compounds released enzymatically from insect cuticle was also studied inM anisopliae (Paterson et al., 1994b). In the case of Schistocerca gregaria cuticle treated with KOH in order to remove proteins, no induction of Prl production was observed, while cuticle treated with chloroform or ether to remove lipids was able to induce enzyme production. Digestion of cuticle with Prl or the trypsin-like protease Pr2 ofM anisopliae resulted in peptides mainly in the range of 150-2000 Da. The addition of these peptides at 3 pg Ala equivalents ml"1 led to the induction of Prl production to a level (75%) similar to that observed in the case of untreated insect cuticle. The ability of various amino acids and peptides abundant in insect cuticular protein (Ala, Gly, Ala-Ala, Ala-Ala-Ala, Ala-Pro and Pro-Ala) to induce Prl was tested but none of them was found to increase enzyme production in the levels observed with cuticle, or peptides enzymatically released from the cuticle. 

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