Liquefaction test

The Fluor Corporation recently reactivated and rebuilt the DOE test plant at Cresap, West Virginia, It conducted a coal liquefaction test project for DOE using Exxon s Donor Solvent Process, Oil and Gas Journal 1980, 78, p 71,... 

Liquefaction Test. A test used to det the exudation of Dynamites. In Engl, the test was conducted as follows A cylinder of approx equal length and diameter was cut from a cartridge of Gelatin Dynamite to be tested. 

This paper describes operation of the unit to fractionate a residuum sample produced at the Wilsonville Advanced Coal Liquefaction Test Facility. 

Hydrous titanium metal oxide catalysts are extremely versatile materials that have promise as direct coal liquefaction catalysts. Previous studies have shown that they perform well in both batch and bench-scale coal liquefaction tests. 

Elliott, D. C, (1988). lEA co-operative Project Dl, Biomass Liquefaction Test Facility Project, Volume 4 Analysis and upgrading of biomass liquefaction products. DOE/NBM-1062 Vol. 4. Springfield, Virginia National Technical Information Service. 

Products, Final Report, Volume 4 of International Energy Agency Cooperative Project D-1, Biomass Liquefaction Test Facility. National Energy Administration Stockholm, 1985. 

Table I. Product Analyses from Liquefaction Tests with Various Biomasses...

Elliott, D. C. Analysis and Upgrading of Biomass Liquefaction Products, lEA Co-operative Project D1 Biomass Liquefaction Test... 

Footnote A Dr G. Spica (Rivista, Aug. 1897) proposes to use hydrochloride of meta-phenylenediamine.] -Exudation and Liquefaction Test for Blasting Gelatine, Gelatine Dynamite, c.—A cylinder of blasting... 

Lightning conductors for danger buildings, 10. Liquefaction test for gelatine, 257. 

Supercritical fluid solvents have been tested for reactive extractions of liquid and gaseous fuels from heavy oils, coal, oil shale, and biomass. In some cases the solvent participates in the reactions, as in the hydrolysis of coal and heavy oils with water. Related applications include conversion of cellulose to glucose in water, dehgnincation of wood with ammonia, and liquefaction of lignin in water. 

If we compare liquefaction to maceration, more activities are needed to liquefy the cell wall. Since 1991, new pectinases activities such as rhamnogalacturonase, pectin acetylesterase and xyloglucanases complex have been found to be important in the apple liquefaction by Henck Schols, Jean-Paul Vincken and Voragen [3]. The cellulose-xyloglucan complex accounts approximatively 57% of the apple cell-wall matrix. In a liquefaction process, an efficient enzymic degradation of this complex is crucial to increase the sugars extraction, to decrease the viscosity of the pulp then to be able to ultra-filtrate the juice without second depectinisation, at last to have negative alcohol tests required by some concentrate customers. 

Figure 2. Distribution of liquefaction conversion for coals tested in Gulf con-tinuous-flow unit (455° C)...

The work involved the integration of the SRC operations at Kerr-McGee with those at CCDC where the concept of recycling certain residual fractions back to liquefaction would be tested. This program involved repeated product shipments between the respective laboratories. The data presented in this paper will focus on the work done in this latter phase of the program. 

In addition to continuous bench-scale work, CCDC carried out a rather extensive laboratory program involving the use of the microautoclave reactor. The program developed tests to compare the activities of different solvents. These tests quickly evaluated a solvent so that the performance under coal liquefaction conditions could be predicted. The tests are now used at the Wilsonville SRC Pilot Plant as a means of determining when stable operation has been achieved. 

Continuous Bench-Scale Experimentation With encouraging results obtained from microautoclave tests, experimentation emphasis moved to the bench-scale unit Here the concept of adding Light SRC to the recycle solvent on a continuous basis was tested Earlier work (j>) performed on short contact time coal liquefaction showed Indiana V coal to be out-of-solvent balance Also the operability of the continuous bench-scale SRT unit was highly dependent upon the quality of the solvent ... 

Table III shows the results of operating the SRT unit in the hydrogen donor mode (catalytically hydrogenated solvent) with and without the addition of Light SRC to the distillate solvent Batch I solvent was used in Run 9 A blend of Batch VI solvent and Light SRC, 70/30 weight ratio, were catalytically hydrogenated as the feed to Runs 1 and 3 The hydrogen donor capability of the solvents were measured by the Equilibrium microautoclave tests These bench-scale SRT results are rather extraordinary in respect to increased distillate yields and improvement in unit operability with addition of Light SRC In Table III the integrated yields refer to the combination of liquefaction, CSD, and catalytic hydrogenation of the solvent ...

The dialin donor solvents were also used directly in coal liquefaction studies. Inasmuch as details of coal structure are unknown, the present theory can only be tested in a qualitative way, as follows. First, if the liquefaction of coal occurs under kinetic control with hydrogen-transfer from the donor solvent involved in the rate-determining step, then we should expect the dialin donors to be more effective than the control solvent T.et-ralin (and also Dfecalin). This is suggested by the theory because the dialins possess higher energy HOMOs than Tetralin and... 

A second series of liquefaction experiments were conducted to test the theoretical suggestion that a mixture of A1- plus A2-dialin isomers might be a more effective solvent than either one of the dialins alone. Preliminary results at 400 C and 0.5 hr reaction time, are shown in Table 4 which quotes the ratio of... 

The value of the extra chlorine recovered will pay for the membranes in about nine months. Addition of operating costs still gives an attractive pay-out. However, the base case for Table 7.4 assumes that nothing is done to handle the chlorine issuing from liquefaction. This is not an option. The real question is how the membrane process compares with the alternatives, and this is the subject of Table 7.5. The basis assumed is an 800 tonnes per day plant with gas composition 93.16% CI2,2.40% O2, 3.82% N2, 0.37% CO2, and 0.25% H2. The table covers costs only. Product values are highly sensitive to local conditions and are not included. In all cases, the membrane option is based on the field test in order to give the most reliable numbers available. Technological development will improve the case for the use of membranes. 

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