Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels

Couture P, Otvos JD, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Association of the A-204C polymorphism in the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene with variations in plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the Framingham Offspring Study. J lipid Res 1999 40 1883-1889. 

Gylling, H. and Miettinen, T.A. 1995. The effect of cholesterol absorption inhibition on low density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Atherosclerosis 117, 305-308. 

Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl Med 2002 347 1557-65. 

Figure 26-28 Head-to-head comparison of LDL cholesterol and hsCRP in their ability to predict future vascular events. LDL, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol hsCftfi high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. (From Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002 347 1557-65.)...

Consequences also can be discussed in terms of intermediate and final outcomes. Intermediate outcomes can serve as a proxy for more relevant final outcomes. For example, achieving a decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with a lipid-lowering agent is an intermediate consequence that may serve as a proxy for a more final outcome such as a decrease in myocardial infarction rate. Intermediate consequences are used commonly in clinical and pharmacoeconomic analyses as proxies predictive of final outcomes because their use reduces the cost and time required to conduct a trial. 

TABLE 21—9. Classification of Total and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents from Families with Hypercholesterolemia or Premature Cardiovascular Disease ... 

Bloomgarden, Z, T., Ginsberg-Fellner, F., Rayfield, E. J., Bookman, J., and Brown, W. V., Elevated hemoglobin Aj, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in thiazide-treated diabetic patients. Am. ]. Med. 77, 823-827 (1984). 

The extraction of lipids from the roasted coffee into the brew has received special attention because of the tendency of cafestol, and possibly also kahweol, to increase the (total and low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol level (the intake of 16-O-methylcafestol is too low to be taken into account). This effect of the coffee beverage, already suspected in 1963 (reference quoted in Katan and Urgert, 1995), was later confirmed (for example Thelle, 1992, and earlier work many publications appeared on the subject) and the brewing method was especially examined. The conclusion was that there is no problem when the brew is... 

Mensink, R.P. M.B. Katan. Effects of dietary trans fatty acids on high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990,323, 439—445. 

Another agent used for the modulation of intestinal absorption of lipids is sucrose polyester (SPE), a synthetic lipid which is not hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase and hence is nonabsorbable. By providing a persistent lipophilic phase in the intestine, SPE reduces the absorption of lipophilic substances such as cholesterol. Mild decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were reported in hypercholes-terolemic subjects. Recently, the substitution of dietary fat with SPE in obese hypercholesterolemic patients produced a reduction in calories as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These and other studies on SPE have been reviewed recently. ... 

Mee KA, Gee DL. Apple fiber and gum arabic lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in men with mild hypercholesterolemia. 7 Am Diet Assoc. 1997 97(4) 422—424. 

These so-called trans fats are believed to cause an increase in LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels, which leads to an increased rate of cardiovascular disease. In response, the food industry is now making an effort to minimize or completely remove the trans fats in food products. Current food labels often boast "0 grams of trans fats."... 

The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagula-... 

Other several studies have consistently shown that die virgin coconut oil (VCO) decreases the lipid levels and the thrombotic risk factors in rats fed with VCO, compared to copra oil and sunflower oil (Nevin Rajamohan, 2008 Marina et al., 2009). Furthermore, the high density lipoprotein cholesterol in animals fed with VCO was increased, while low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly decreased, when compared to copra oil (Nevin Rajamohan, 2004). 

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