Lipo-polysaccharides

Acquired resistance to polymyxins in E. coli occurs because of chromosomal mutations which cause incorporation of aminoethanol and aminocarabinose in lipo-polysaccharide (LPS) in place of phosphate groups. The altered LPS has a decreased ionic charge which results in lowered binding of polymyxin and thus an increase in resistance to this group of antibiotics. 

Qian, W.J., Jacobs, J.M., Camp, D.G., 2nd, Monroe, M.E., Moore, R.J., Gritsenko, M.A., Calvano, S.E., Lowry, S.F.,Xiao, W.,Moldawer, L.L., Davis, R.W., Tompkins, R.G., Smith, R.D. (2005a). Comparative proteome analyses of human plasma following in vivo lipo-polysaccharide administration using multidimensional separations coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomics 5, 572-584. 

Weiser, J.N., Shchepetov, M. and Chong, S.T. (1997) Decoration of lipo-polysaccharide with phosphorylcholine a phase-variable characteristic of Haemophilus influenzae. Infection and Immunity 65, 943-950. 

Figure 8 (Plate 7). Structure of the Escherichia coli FhuA protein serving as receptor for ferrichrome and the antibiotic albomycin. (a) side view (b) side aspect with partly removed barrel to allow the view on the cork domain (c) top view. A single lipo-polysaccharide molecule is tightly associated with the transmembrane region of FhuA (reproduced by permission of W. Welte and A. Brosig)...

Macrophages and neutrophils are the major phagocytes they possess receptors that recognise the presence of specific molecules or groups of molecules on the surface of pathogens (for example, lipo-polysaccharide) or when they are in the form of a complex with an antibody or in a complex with a complement component. Once bound to the receptors, actin filaments of the phagocyte polymerise and part of the plasma membrane surrounds the pathogen or complex which then draws... 

The alternative pathway starts with the binding of factors C3b and B to bacterial lipo-polysaccharides (endotoxins). The formation of this complex allows cleavage of B by factor D, giving rise to a second form of C3 convertase (C3bBb). 

CN187 Sadeghi, S., F. A. Wallace, and P. C. Calder. Dietary lipids modify the cytokine response to bacterial lipo-polysaccharide in mice. Immunology 1999 96(3) 404-410. 

The method has also been applied to acetylated polysaccharides. Thus, whereas the D-mannopyranose residue in the acetylated lipo-polysaccharide from Salmonella typhi was found to be inert, that in Salmonella Strasbourg was oxidized, demonstrating that the former is a-D-linked and the latter /3-D-linked.154 The D-mannose residues in the acetylated lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella O-group 3 were found resistant to oxidation, and are consequently a-D-linked."... 

N. K. Kochetkov, B. A. Dmitriev, and L. V. Backinowsky, New sugars from antigenic lipo-polysaccharides of bacteria Identification and synthesis of 3-0-[(R)-l-carboxyethyl]-L- rham-nose, an acidic component of Shiqella dysenteriae type 5 lipopolysaccharide, Carbohydr. Res., 51 (1976) 229-237. 

Inflammation is a common component associated with sepsis, meningitis, as well as respiratory tract, urinary tract, viral, and bacterial infections (Table 1). Bik is elevated during bacterial or viral infection. The presence of urinary Bik correlates well with standard urinalysis tests for urinary tract infections [20]. Endotoxins released from infectious pathogens induce inflammation and immune cell activation. Macrophages release interleukins and cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-a) on exposure to lipo-polysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) endotoxins. These cytokines act as a chemotactic factors causing immune cell migration to the site of the infection followed by activation and release of proteases. Cytokines also induce increased vascular permeability in the endothelial. Bik suppresses further cytokine release by protease and intern additional migration and activation of immune cells. Additionally, a stabilization of the immune cell membrane prevents further release of proteases [4]. 

Kilar and co-workers successfully studied outer-membrane proteins, lipo-polysaccharides, hemolysin, and the in-vivo and in-vitro virulence of wild-type Proteus penneri 357 and its two isogenic mutant variants (a transposon and a... 

Shen, Y, Moore, R. J., Anderson, D. J., Zhang, R., Calvano, S. E., etal. (2005). Quantitative proteome analysis of human plasma following in vivo lipo-polysaccharide administration using 160/180 labeling and the accurate mass and time tag approach. Mol. Cell Proteomics 4, 700-709. 

Willis, S.A., Nisen, P.D. (1996). Differential induction of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by bacterial lipo-polysaccharide in cultured monocytes and astrocytes. Biochem. J. 313 519-24. 

Ang CW, De Klerk MA, Endtz HP, Jacobs BC, Laman JD, van der Meche EG, Van Doom PA (2001a) GuiUain-Barre syndrome- and MiUer Fisher syndrome-associated Campylobacter jejuni lipo-polysaccharides induce anti-GMl and anti-GQlb antibodies in rabbits. Infect Immun 69 2462-2469. 

Tsuji, K. Harrison, S.J. Dry heat destruction of lipo-polysaccharide design and construction of dry heat destruction apparatus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1978, 36, 710. 

Isolation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody that recognizes epitopes shared by Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 1, 3, 4 and 6 lipo-polysaccharides. Infection and Immunity 57 3851-3855. 

Immune cells have the ability to recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) such as motif GpG, lipo-polysaccharide, lipoproteins, double-stranded RNA, or flagellin. In contrast to mammalian DNA, bacterial DNA contains frequent motifs of unmethylated GpG dinu-cleotides. The GpG DNA motifs are capable of activating the innate immune system, the first step in the defense... 

The findings that, in B cell lines, RNA polymerase density within the /x-8 locus falls off gradually, rather than at a discrete point and that the density on the Cs gene does not correlate simply with the abundance of 8 mRNA, have also been demonstrated in primary cells [116,119]. Whereas neonatal B lymphocytes contain significantly less 8 mRNA than adult B cells, in both cell types a similar proportion of polymerase molecules continue through CM into Cs [119]. Also consistent with results obtained using cell lines is the observation that B cells treated with lipo-polysaccharide show an altered pattern of transcription termination in that an increased proportion of polymerase molecules now unload between CM and Cs [116]. 

K28. Kreil, E. A., Greene, E., Fitzgibbon, C., Robinson, D. R., and Zapol, W. M. Effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha, lymphotoxin, and Escherichia coli lipo-polysaccharide on hemodynamics, lung microvascular permeability, and eicosanoid synthesis in anesthetized sheep. Circ. Res. 65, 502-514 (1989). 

NOS II can be induced in many cell types by cytokines, bacterial lipo-polysaccharide (LPS), and a variety of other agents (see below). It was first... 

Liu, J., Batkai, S., Pacher, R, Harvey-White, J., Wagner, J.A., Cravatt, B.F, Gao, B., Kunos, G., 2003. Lipo-polysaccharide induces anandamide synthesis in macrophages via CD14/MAPK/phosphoinositide... 

DCs distinguish the non-self from self by the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the invading microbes (68,69). Examples of PAMPs are lipo-polysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycans and unmethylated CpG motifs of bacteria, mannan of fungi, and double stranded RNA of viruses. These molecules are not produced by mammalian cells and are perceived by DCs as the molecular... 

CsaH tNOijP, Mr 711.86, prisms, mp. 94-96 °C, [a] hi4.6° (CHCIj/CH30H). Glycophospholipid, intermediate in the synthesis of Gram-negative bacterial lipo-polysaccharides. L. X enhances non-specific infection resistance in laboratory animals. The 3 -0-hexadeca-noyl derivative is called lipid Y. 

The recognition of unopsonized bacteria by mouse peritoneal macrophages is thought to involve capsular- and lipo-polysaccharides. ... 

Pugin J, Shurer-Maly C-C, Leturcq D, Moriarty A, Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS. Lipo-polysaccharide activation of human endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated by lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90 2744-2748. 

Extracts from Wilford s three-wing fruit (Thunder God Vine, Tripterygium wilfordii) have likewise been used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The pharmacologically important component of the extract proves to be triptohde, which inhihits the lipo-polysaccharide-induced COX-2 expression and the release of PGE2, and has thereby an anti-inflammatory effect. [167,168] It is remarkable that the extract does not affect the COX-1 activity. 

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