Stainless steel costs

FIG. 10-184 Cost of shop-fabricated tanks in mid-1980 with V4-in walls. Multiplying factors on carbon steel costs for other materials are carbon steel, 1.0 mbber-lined carbon steel, 1.5 alnminnm, 1.6 glass-lined carbon steel, 4.5 and fiber-reinforced plastic, 0.75 to 1.5. Multiplying factors on type 316 stainless-steel costs for other materials are 316 stainless steel, 1.0 Monel, 2.0 Inconel, 2.0 nickel, 2.0 titanium, 3.2 and Hastelloy C, 3.8. Multiplying factors for wall thicknesses different from V4 in are ... 

Life cycle costs for the Oland Bridge in Sweden were calculated in the case of carbon steel and type 304 and 316 stainless steels for a period of 120 yr. The data are shown in Figure 7.100. For a period of 18 yr the cost of carbon steel is less than type 304 stainless steel which in turn is less than 316 stainless. For a life between 18 to 120yr the stainless steels cost by far less than carbon steel. 

M13 Materlal-Hastelloy Cost= 1 55 r m u./das M14 Materlal-Hastelloy C08t= 1.05 r.m.u./da> M16 Material-Stainless Steel C08t=1.25r.m.u./dav M16 Material-Stainless Steel Cost= 1 25 r m u /dav M17 Material-Stain less Steel 1 Cost= 1.25 r.m u /dav... 

Note Dryer capacity is defined by dryer volume V in m or surface area S in m. For 304-stainless steel, cost is multiplied by 1.7. Drum peripheral surface area. ... 

The process system consists of two long-tube vertical evaporators, a draft-tube baffled crystallizer, a rotary-drum vacuum filter, and a direct-heat rotary dryer. Also, pumps are needed to move the solution from evaporator 1 to evaporator 2, to recycle the filtrate from the filter to the crystallizer, and to move the magma from the crystallizer to the filter and a heat exchanger is needed to heat the recycle filtrate. However, the purchase costs for the three pumps and the heat exchanger are not considered here because examples for these types of equipment are presented in Section 16.5. For the equipment considered here, assume fabrication from stainless steel, with a material factor of 2 for the ratio of stainless steel cost to carbon steel cost. For the process, using the following size factors and the equations in Table 16.32, the estimated f.o.b. equipment purchase costs at a CE index of 394 are included in the following table. 

However, where small quantities of liquids are involved, a column filled with glass helices will probably give the best results and the cost will not be unduly high. Rings in stainless steel and other metals can be purchased in sizes from to i. ... 

Because of the highly corrosive nature of the nitric acid streams, adipic acid plants are constmcted of stainless steel, or titanium in the more corrosive areas, and thus have high investment costs. 

Synthetic Marble. Synthetic marble-like resin products are prepared by casting or molding a highly filled monomer mixture or monomer—polymer symp. When only one smooth surface is required, a continuous casting process using only one endless stainless steel belt can be used (52,53). Typically on the order of 60 wt % inorganic filler is used. The inorganic fillers, such as aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, etc, are selected on the basis of cost, and such properties as the translucence, chemical and water resistance, and ease of subsequent fabrication (54,55). 

Duplex stainless steels (ca 4% nickel, 23% chrome) have been identified as having potential appHcation to nitric acid service (75). Because they have a lower nickel and higher chromium content than typical austenitic steels, they provide the ductabdity of austenitic SS and the stress—corrosion cracking resistance of ferritic SS. The higher strength and corrosion resistance of duplex steel offer potential cost advantages as a material of constmction for absorption columns (see CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL). 

Typically, reactors require some type of catalyst. Reactors with catalyst can be of the fixed-bed style for fiuid-bed types. Fixed-bed reactors are the most common. The feed often enters the reactor at an elevated temperature and pressure. The reaction mixtures are often corrosive to carbon steel and require some type of stainless steel alloy or an alloy liner for protection. If the vessel wall is less than 6 mm, the vessel is constmcted of all alloy if alloy is provided. Thicker reactor walls can be fabricated with a stainless overlay over a carbon steel or other lower alloy base steel at less cost than an all-alloy wall constmction. 

Total hip implants of the nature described have hospital Hst prices ia the range of 5000— 8000. Fully custom-made implants cost approximately 10,000. The low end basic total hip implant is forged or cast stainless steel, cemented ia place, one size fits all, and costs 1000. 

Equipment Materials and Abrasion Resistance. Stainless steel, especially Type 316, is the constmction material of choice and can resist a variety of corrosive conditions and temperatures. Carbon steels are occasionally used. Rusting may, however, cause time-consuming maintenance and can damage mating locating surfaces, which increases the vibration and noise level. Titanium, HasteUoy, or high nickel alloys are used in special instances, at a considerable increase in capital cost. 

The membrane is usually made from one of several materials. Woven polyester or cotton, the most commonly used and least expensive material, is adequate for temperatures up to 150°C. Siatered plastic is used where a low cost, washable surface is desired. This material is temperature limited by the polymer material to about 60°C and the flow of some powders may cause a static charge build-up on the membrane that could be hazardous ia some operatioas. Wovea fiberglass fabric or porous ceramic block is used for temperatures up to about 425°C. Siatered stainless steel powder or bonded stainless mesh is used for corrosion resistance, and for temperatures up to 530 to 650°C. Additional information can be found ia the Hterature (38,39). 

Another type of membrane is the dynamic membrane, formed by dynamically coating a selective membrane layer on a finely porous support. Advantages for these membranes are high water flux, generation and regeneration in situ abiUty to withstand elevated temperatures and corrosive feeds, and relatively low capital and operating costs. Several membrane materials are available, but most of the work has been done with composites of hydrous zirconium oxide and poly(acryhc acid) on porous stainless steel or ceramic tubes. 

Nickel and Nickel Alloys A wide range of ferrous and nonfer-rous nickel and nickel-bearing alloys are available. They are usually selected because of their improved resistance to chemical attack or their superior resistance to the effects of high temperature. In general terms their cost and corrosion resistance are somewhat a func tion of their nickel content. The 300 Series stainless steels are the most generally used. Some other frequently used alloys are hsted in Table 10-35 together with their nominal compositions. For metallurgical and corrosion resistance data, see Sec. 28. 

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