Liniment

Medical Usage. Isopropyl alcohol is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant for home, hospital, and industry (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). It is about twice as effective as ethyl alcohol in these appHcations (153,154). Rubbing alcohol, a popular 70 vol % isopropyl alcohol-in-water mixture, exemplifies the medicinal use of isopropyl alcohol. Other examples include 30 vol % isopropyl alcohol solutions for medicinal liniments, tinctures of green soap, scalp tonics, and tincture of mercurophen. It is contained in pharmaceuticals, eg, local anesthetics, tincture of iodine, and bathing solutions for surgical sutures and dressings. Over 200 uses of isopropyl alcohol have been tabulated (2). 

As a pharmaceutical, methyl salicylate is used in liniments and ointments for the relief of pain and for rheumatic conditions. As a flavor and fragrance agent, it is used in confectioneries, dentifrices, cosmetics, and perfumes. Other commercial applications for methyl salicylate are as a dye carrier, as a uv-light stabilizer in acrylic resins, and as a chemical intermediate. The May 1996 price was 5.50/kg (18). 

MisceUaneous uses include extraction and purification of penicillin, alkaloids, vitamins, and flavors, and as an intermediate in the preparation of dyes and pesticides. Chloroform has also been used as a fumigant and insecticide, in the formulation of cough symps, toothpastes, liniments, and toothache preparations. These latter uses were banned by the FDA in 1976 (38). 

It serves as a pain reliever in liniments and ointments. It is a rubefacient, meaning that it can dilate blood vessels. 

He et al. [25] described an ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of miconazole in liniments. The drug was analyzed at 272 nm, the average recovery was 99.76% and the relative standard deviation was 0.3%. 

The ethylene oxide had many uses for the Krauch-Schneider-Buetefisch Sparte. It was also the silent, colorless assistant of the Ter Meer Sparte. Ter Meer s pharmaceutical division could take the excess methanol, produced by Schneider for his anti-freezes and fuels, and turn it into shaving lotions and liniments. Methanol could be converted, in solid forms, to two deadly explosives — nitropenta and hexogen. And Ter Meer could make glycol (Prestone) react doubly with itself to produce diglycol, an intermediate in the manufacture of explosives. 

Methyl salicylate is a mildly toxic compound and plants that make it may do so as a means of warding off predators. It finds use in human medicine as a constituent of liniments, topical anesthetics. 

Arnica has been used for medicinal purposes. It can be applied topically as a cream, ointment, liniment, salve or tincture, to soothe muscle aches, reduce inflammation and heal wounds. It is often used for injuries such as sprains and bruises. Arnica is primarily restricted to topical (external) use because it can... 

Counter-irritant. An agent that produces inflammation or irritation when applied locally to affect another, usually irritated, surface to stimulate circulation, e.g., liniment. 

Liniments are liquid, semi-liquid and some-times semi-solid preparation used externally on the skin. Liniments are counter-irritant and stimulating type and are massaged or rubbed into the skin, and must not be applied to the broken skin e.g. liniment turpentine. 

Uses. Because of its cooling and refreshing effect, (—)-menthol is used in large quantities in cigarettes, cosmetics, toothpastes, chewing gum, sweets, and medicines. ( )-Menthol can be used in medicines and liniments. 

Monoterpenes, 10-carbon-containing terpenoids, are composed of two isoprene units, and found abundantly in plants, e.g. (+)-limonene from lemon oil, and (—)-linalool from rose oil. Many monoterpenes are the constituents of plant volatile oils or essential oils. These compounds are particularly important as flavouring agents in pharmaceutical, confectionery and perfume products. However, a number of monoterpenes show various types of bioactivity and are used in medicinal preparations. For example, camphor is used in liniments against rheumatic pain, menthol is used in ointments and liniments as a remedy against itching, bitter-orange peel is used as an aromatic bitter tonic and as a remedy for poor appetite and thymol and carvacrol are used in bactericidal preparations. 

Methylsalicylic acid, unlike acetylsalicylic acid, is nearly exclusively used as an external rubifacient drug for painful muscles or joints and distributed as ointments or liniments due to their irritating effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Absorption through intact skin is possible and has led to prosecution following detection in race-horse urine. 

Extensive clinical tests of l-(chloromethyl)silatrane and 1-ethoxysilatrane as possible drugs for treatment of alopecia have been carried out in several hospitals in Moscow, Kazan and Irkutsk71-74). The silatranes were used as 3-5% ointments, creams, and liniments on different, specially chosen bases. 

The best results were achieved in treatment of alopecia with liniments consisting of 3-4% of l-(chloromethyl)silatrane or 1-ethoxysilatrane, 50% of dimethylsulph-oxide and 46—47% of castor oil74). 

Dimethylsulphoxide favours good solubility of the preparations. Moreover, dimethylsulphoxide facilitates penetration of the silatrane through the skin by transporting it to the bulbs and roots of the hair. The castor oil as a component of the liniment has some advantages. It is antiseptic, contains the provitamins A and D, and can be kept for a long time. The skin was oiled, but not rubbed, with the liniment once or twice a day during 2 or 3 months. If necessary the course of treatment was carried out again 1 or 2 months later. Therapeutic efficacy of 1 -(chloromethyl)-and 1-ethoxysilatrane liniments was almost the same. 

All patients treated with the silatrane liniments earlier underwent unsuccessful treatments with various preparations. 

At first the liniments with low concentrations of 1 -(chloromethyl)silatrane and 1-ethoxysilatranes were used. Their concentrations were gradually increased to 4 and 7%, respectively. 

In general, treatment of 107 patients suffering from alopecia of the above types with l-(chloromethyl)- and 1-ethoxysilatrane liniments led to complete regeneration of hair in 34.7% of the patients, partial regeneration of hair in 43%, growth of fluffy hair in 19.6% and no hair growth in 2.8% of patients. In other words, the treatment was effective in 77.7% of patients. The use of the liniments was most successful for treatment of patients suffering from alopecia areata where a positive effect was observed in 31 patients out of 34 (91.1%). 

Treatment of seborrheic alopecia with 1- chloromethyl)- and 1-ethoxysilatrane liniments not only strengthened the roots of the remaining hair, but caused adequate regeneration of lost hair in 76.9% of the patients. 

Treatment of subtotal and total alopecia with l-(chloromethyI)silatrane liniments was successful in 64.4% of the patients. 

Fig. 14. Treatment of alopecia with l-(chloromethyl)- and 1-ethoxysilatrane liniments a) Patient S. P., 17 years of age, suffering from subtotal alopecia for 10 years, after treatment with l-(chloromethyl)silatrane for 2 years b) Patient 1.1., 11 years of age, suffering from alopecia areata for 2 years, after treatment for 5 months c) Patient D.I., 9 years of age, suffering from total alopecia for 4 years, after treatment with 1-ethoxysilatrane for 1.5 years d) Patient I. V., 20 years of age, suffering from total alopecia for 3 years, after treatment for 6 months. The photograph is taken 11 months after the beginning of treatment...

Liquids and semisolids. Include oral liquids, injectable, aqueous, and oil-based liquids, emulsions, suspensions, dispersions, solutions, drops, lotions, creams, ointments, pastes, gels, liniments, aerosols and foams, suppositories, and pessaries. 

Local topical. Applied to the skin—include creams, lotions, ointments, liniments, solutions, pastes, gels, dressings, dermal patches, and aerosols. 

For external use only causes cardiac toxicity if ingested stop using if arnica liniment causes dermatitis... 

Linimentum Belladonnae Belladonna liniment, has a camphor, dissolved in fluid extract of belladonna root... 

A liniment is an extract of an herb added to either alcohol or vinegar and applied to the skin. 

It has been used as a mild expectorant and relieves gripping. Applied externally, camphor acts as a rubefacient and mild analgesic and is employed in liniments as a counter-irritant in fibrositis, neuralgia and similar conditions. Camphor has been administered as a solution in oil by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant, but there is little evidence of its value for this purpose (121-125). 

Poisoning has occured through the accidental administration of camphor liniment to young children by mistake for castor oil. The symptoms are nausea, vomiting, colic disturbed vision, delirium, mental confusion and epileptic convulsions. Recovery is the rule. But in rare cases death may occur from respiratory failure (126-128). 

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