Linen fibres

Conversely, linen fibre pectins undergo graft polymerization261 and their removal increases both the grafting rate and the yield of the grafted polymer. An additional reason for this effect is that pectin-free linen has a higher capillarity and a more accessible structure271. 

Lignins and pectins account for a considerable part of linen fibre. At the same time their oxidation occurs much more rapidly than that of cellulose. Accordingly, initiation by Ce4+ 271 and KMn0428) led to lower reaction rates, and the yield of PAN grafted to linen was lower than in the case of the chain transfer method271. 

CASE STUDY 1 LINEN FIBRES AND THE VICTORY SAIL... 

Figure 5 Hierarchical microstructure of a linen fibre (a) from cellulose chains to the fibre and (b) a scanning electron micrograph showing the ultimate cells bundled in fibres...

The linen fibres of the Victory sailcloth and, in particular, the cellulose chains are bound to have aged in the intervening 200 years. This could have progressed to the point at which the sail cannot even support its own weight. An appreciation of the sail s current condition is therefore crucial in deciding how it should be handled and may even influence the choice of display. With this in mind, we set about the mechanical testing of the cloth. However, since... 

In another study, two identical shirts made of cotton and linen fibre were studied by LCA. It was ensmed in this study that both the fibres consumed around 80% water and primary energy in use phase. Among these, the cotton shirt (83 kWh) was found to consume much lower primary energy as compared to the linen shirt (100 kWh) due to less ironing time. On the other hand, the linen shirt was reported to consume only one-quarter of the water (6.4 L) that was used for the cotton shirt (24 L) (Chapman, 2010). 

Cellulose represents a significant proportion of non-starch polysaccharides in foods (Table 4.20) and forms the so-called insoluble fibre (Table 4.21). Fruits and vegetables contain around 1-2% of cellulose, cereals and legumes 2-4%, wheat flour contains only 0.2-3% of cellulose, depending on the milling process (Table 4.19), because a large proportion of cellulose is found in the bran that contains 30-35% of cellulose. Cellulose also forms about 40-50% of wood mass, 80% of linen fibres and 90% of cotton fibres. 

A strong, firm, tightly woven, durable fabric usually of cotton but sometimes of linen, hemp or other fibres. It is produced in a variety of weights. Dunlop Process... 

Some polymers, both synthetic and natural, can be spun into long, thin fibres. These fibres are woven into natural fabrics (such as cotton, linen, and wool) or synthetic fabrics (such as rayon, nylon, and polyester). Figure 2.11, on the next page, shows some polymer products. 

Cotton and Other Cellulosic Fibres. The dominant natural cellulosic fibre is cotton, the other natural cellulosic fibres, or bast fibres, include flax, linen, jute and ramie. The so-called regenerated fibres, which include viscose, modal fibres and lyoceU (Tencel), are made by various chemical treatments of cellulosic substrates. The dyeing and printing of cellulosic fibres and materials is carried out using, in decreasing order of scale and importance, reactive, direct and vat dyes. ... 

The major protein sources used in animal production are oilseed meals. Their use in poultry diets was reviewed by Ravindran and Blair (1992). Soybeans, groundnuts, canola and sunflowers are grown primarily for their seeds, which produce oils for human consumption and industrial uses. Cottonseed is a by-product of cotton production, and its oil is widely used for food and other purposes. In the past linseed (flax) was grown to provide fibre for linen cloth production. The invention of the cotton gin made cotton more available for clothing materials and the demand for linen cloth decreased. Production of linseed is now directed mainly to industrial oil production. Thus, soybean is clearly the predominant oilseed produced in the world. 

As used today, the word linen is descriptive of a class of woven textiles used in homes. Linens were manufactured almost exclusively of fibres from the flax plant Linum usitatisimum. Today flax is a prestigious, expensive fibre and only produced in small quantities. Flax fibres can be identified by their typical nodes, which account for the flexibility and texture of the fabric. The cross-section of the fibre is made up of irregular polygonal shapes, which contribute to the coarse texture of the fabric. When adequately prepared, linen has the ability to absorb and lose water rapidly. It can gain up to 20% moisture without feeling damp. 

For Runge, all elements in an experiment come to expression. He notes that the fibre that is to be dyed is not just a mechanical vehicle to which the colour simply adheres. It is rather an essential component, and that is why cotton, linen, silk and wool react so differently to dyestuffs.18 In an analysis of the properties of gold in Basic Lessons in Chemistry for Everyone Runge notes that gold is the most ductile metal, for a single grain can be drawn out to a 50-foot strand of wire. 

There is a linen cloth decorated with silk flowers on the kitchen table. It is old, and was embroidered by J s mother, 60 years ago. That was on the island of Tasmania, where the family had got marooned at the begiiming of the second world-war. The mother got the silk by telling the shopkeeper that she was alone with two young children, and that her husband had disappeared in the fighting on Java. There was not much silk in Tasmania during the war. Under the microscope you see the double structure of the textile the yarns with a diameter of about 200 am, which are twined from fibres of about 10 am. It is this double structure that provides small pores that allow textile to adsorb moisture and other things. 

One important thermal degradation mechanism of cellulose fibres (cotton, rayon, linen, etc.) is the formation of the small depolymerisation product levoglucosan (Fig. 8.7). Levoglucosan and its volatile pyrolysis products are extremely flammable materials and are the main contributors to cellulose combustion. Compounds that are able to hinder levoglucosan formation are expected to function as flame retardants for cellulose. The crosslinking and the single type of esterification of... 

These finishes are applied in pad-dry or exhaust processes to almost all kinds of fibres, especially synthetics. Favoured articles include underwear, towels and bath mats that dispense body lotion, pantyhose that reduce cellulite, pyjamas and bed linen that ease neurodermitis, and shirts and other clothing that repel mosquitoes. The fixed chitosan capsules are described to be permanent for several cycles of hand or machine washing. 

KAURIT KFN is recommended for the anticrease and antishrink finishing of rayon, cotton and linen fabrics and blends of these fibres with one another or with wool or synthetics. It also produces good results in the embossed, chintz, Schreiner and plisse finishing of cotton and spun rayon fabrics and in the fixation of filling agents. 

Cellulose is a substance of immense economic value because of the industrial uses made of it. As a food stuff it is of importance only in connection with herbivorous animals. The products made from it are numerous but may be considered under two heads. I. The utilization of the fibrous forms of cellulose more or less purified but unchanged chemically, for the manufacture of fabrics or other materials in which the fibre is the important thing. This includes all kinds of cotton linen, hemp and jute goods in the form of thread, string, rope or cloth and also paper of all kinds. II. The transformation of cellulose by chemical change into products which... 

Cotton and Linen Cloth, etc.— The two most important sources of cellulose for the manufacture of thread and cloth and similar articles are the holl of the cotton plant and the stalk of the flax plant. The former is the source of all goods known as cotton while the materials made from the latter are termed linen. Another important fibre plant is hemp, the leaves or stalk of which yields fibres which are principally used in making twine, rope and canvas. Several varieties of hemp are used such as manila hemp, sisal, etc. The stalk of ihtjute plant is the source of materials out of which sacking or burlap and carpets are made.. In the manufacture of these products the fibre of the plant is mechanically separated and then spun into thread or twisted into yarn or rope. The thread or yarn are then woven into fabrics. The products possess properties characteristic of the particular fibre used. As in the manufacture of all of these important materials the cellulose undergoes no chemical change but is simply mechanically treated no further details of the processes will be given. 

---