Cotton Linen

Schweitzer s reagent (dissolves cotton, linen, and silk, but not wool) add NH4CI and NaOH to a solution of copper sulfate. The blue precipitate is filtered off, washed, pressed, and dissolved in ammonia (sp. gr. 0.92). 

There is Httle difference between the wet and the dry stress—strain diagrams of hydrophobic fibers, eg, nylon, acryHc, and polyester. Hydrophilic protein fibers and regenerated cellulose exhibit lower tensile moduH on wetting out, that is, the elongations increase and the strengths diminish. Hydrophilic natural ceUulosic fibers, ie, cotton, linen, and ramie, are stronger when wet than when dry. 

Vegetable Cotton, linen Fine fibers Cellulose, a polymeric carbohydrate... 

Some polymers, both synthetic and natural, can be spun into long, thin fibres. These fibres are woven into natural fabrics (such as cotton, linen, and wool) or synthetic fabrics (such as rayon, nylon, and polyester). Figure 2.11, on the next page, shows some polymer products. 

The application of chlorine bleach on the basis of hypochlorite/chlorite for the preparation of cotton/linen results in considerable formation of AOX in the effluents. Such processes should be replaced by bleach processes on the basis of peroxide. To obtain a sufficient degree of whiteness during the bleach, a two-step bleach (peracetic acid/peroxide) process has been proposed in the literature [25-27]. Such processes avoid the formation of chlorinated organic compounds (AOX). 

Carbohydrates are of tremendous importance to all of us. They make up a large part of our food supply in the form of sugars and starches. Another carbohydrate called cellulose helps to clothe us (cotton. linen) and shelter us (wood). 

Cellulose is found in wood, along with hemicellulose and lignin, and in cotton, linen, hemp, and other similar products. It is a polymer of glucose. It can also be made from sucrose by bacterial means [8]. This bacterial cellulose has high mechanical strength and may become an important material if the cost can be brought down. 

Until the 20th century mankind was limited to natural fibers such as wool, cotton, linen, and for the rich, silk. The first man-made fiber was artificial silk rayon (1910), which was based on cellulose. The big jump came with the invention of nylon by Wallace Carothers, with commercial production starting in 1939, followed in the 1950s by acrylics (which, when mixed with cotton, produced the wash-and wear textiles), polyesters, and many others. 

Sodium hypochlorite is employed as a disinfectant and deodorant in dairies, creameries, water supplies, sewage disposal, and households. It is also used as bleach in laundries. As a bleaching agent, it is very useful for cotton, linen, jute, rayon, paper pulp, and oranges. 

In addition, the shapes of the curves are the same as those found from measurements of degree of polymerization, color change and tear strength for the degradation of cotton, linen and rayon cloth artificially aged under the same conditions (12. 14. 21). 

The relationship of the thermal conductivities of fabrics and volume fractions of water in the interfiber spaces was expressed by a quadratic curve when the heat flow was normal to the fabric surface and by a straight line when the flow was parallel to the warp yarns. Except for hairy wool fabrics, the thermal conductivity of various wet fabrics may be calculated from the equations of Naka and Kamata (J3). An earlier investigation used an environmentally controlled room as a periodic heat source, and observed conductivities of 1-2 x 10 l cal/cm-sec °C for cotton, linen, and wool fabrics, and changes to 2-10 x 10 when the water content of these fabrics were increased ( ). After correcting for anisotropic effects, good agreement between actual conductivity measurements of wool fabrics and those calculated from a mathematical model of a random arrangement of fibers was observed. 

The home method of bleaching is to use chlorine water, which is chemically similar to hypochlorous acid. Care must be taken when bleaching stains from colored cloths, because the dye might be removed as well as the stain. Only cotton, linen, and heavy canvas-type cloth can be bleached successfully with chlorine water. 

For Runge, all elements in an experiment come to expression. He notes that the fibre that is to be dyed is not just a mechanical vehicle to which the colour simply adheres. It is rather an essential component, and that is why cotton, linen, silk and wool react so differently to dyestuffs.18 In an analysis of the properties of gold in Basic Lessons in Chemistry for Everyone Runge notes that gold is the most ductile metal, for a single grain can be drawn out to a 50-foot strand of wire. 

CNC OPTIBRITE D LIQUID is a laundry aid. Cottons, linens, and nylon are given an added boost in whiteness when CNC OPTIBRITE D LIQUID is added to soaps, detergents, starches and softening agents. 

Cotton, linen, and other vegetable fibers Natural hydrophilic Cellulose Anionic... 

Cellulose is a substance of immense economic value because of the industrial uses made of it. As a food stuff it is of importance only in connection with herbivorous animals. The products made from it are numerous but may be considered under two heads. I. The utilization of the fibrous forms of cellulose more or less purified but unchanged chemically, for the manufacture of fabrics or other materials in which the fibre is the important thing. This includes all kinds of cotton linen, hemp and jute goods in the form of thread, string, rope or cloth and also paper of all kinds. II. The transformation of cellulose by chemical change into products which... 

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