Limestone test results

Adipic Acid-Enhanced Lime/Limestone Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility... 

The Pf and P test results indicate the reserve alkalinity of the suspended solids. As the [OH"] in solution is reduced, the lime and limestone suspended in the mud will go into solution and tend to stabilize the pH. This reserve alkalinity generally is expressed as an equivalent lime concentration, in Ib/bbl of mud. 

Table 3. Permeability Test Results for Limestone SEA Mixes...

Burbank, D.A., and Wang, S.C., "Test Results on Adipic Acid-Enhanced Lime/Limestone Scrubbing at the EPA Shawnee Test Facility", presented at the Industry Briefing on EPA Lime/ Limestone Wet Scrubbing Test Program, Raleigh, N.C., Dec. 5, 1979. 

This report describes the results of adipic acid-enhanced lime and limestone testing at the Shawnee Test Facility from July 1978 through March 1981. It also summarizes earlier adipic acid additive test results from the IERL-RTP 0.1 MW pilot plant, which led to the testing at Shawnee. Also reported are preliminary results from the 100 MW full-scale demonstration being... 

Factorial Test Results. Full or partial factorial tests have been conducted at Shawnee, primarily to investigate the effects of adipic acid concentration and pH on SO2 removal. These tests usually lasted 12 hours or longer, including at least 5 to 7 hours of steady-state operation. Scrubber configurations used were venturi alone, spray tower alone, combined venturi and spray tower, and TCA. Limestone was used in all scrubber configurations. Lime was used only with the venturi alone. Only the typical results from the TCA and spray tower tests are presented below to show the degree of effect of pH and adipic acid concentration on SO2 removal. 

Henson, L.J., "TVA/EPRI Shawnee Cocurrent Scrubber Test Results," 1980, Proceedings Fifth Industry Briefing on IERL-RTP Lime/Limestone Wet Scrubbing Test Programs, December 1979, EPA-600/9-80-032 (NTIS PB 80199813), 116-165. 

On the basis of the Scholtz Station test results, Rush and Edwards (1977) concluded that the overall performance of a properly designed and operated double alkali system should be superior to that of direct limestone and lime systems because... 

When Sir James Hall (1761-1832) read of this work, he recalled his own experiments on the effects of compression in modifying the effects of heat, and concluded that the changes which, with true scientific modesty, he [Hatchett] ascribes to an unknown cause, may have resulted from various heats acting under pressure of various force (19). Sir James subjected the theories of the geologists to the test of chemical experiment and showed that when limestone is heated under pressure, it is not converted into quicklime but into crystalline marble. 

When the results of the yellow limestone clay and the red field clay analyses were processed by the potstat routine (10), an average of data from the two clays yielded a pattern that matched (except for sodium) the analytical pattern of pottery made of a mix of the two clays. In the first case, the two raw clays were simply ground and analyzed separately in the second case, the two clays were mixed in a water bath, sand and Dead Sea salt were added, a vessel was formed, dried, and fired, and this finished product was analyzed. The sand temper did not contribute significantly to the relative test element concentrations, but the salt addition did, of course, raise the sodium concentration. These results are graphed in Figure 2. 

Total Carbohydrates. The results of the phenol-sulfuric acid tests for total carbohydrates are listed in Table 1. The Lower and Middle Ordovician dolomites and limestones of this area did not yield detectable total carbohydrates, either because they are absent or because of metamorphic degradation. Palacas (5) and Palacas, Swain, and Smith (6), on the other hand, found traces of glucose and other sugars in Lower and Middle Ordovician rocks of Franklin County, Pa. southeast of the Mt. Union area. It appears that the early and medial Ordovician seas of the Mt. Union area may neither have been receiving much carbohydrate material from the lands nor was much being contributed by organisms to the bottom sediments. 

A few additives have been tested in spray drying systems. Calcium chloride has proven effective in increasing the reactivity of limestone and Ca(0H)2 towards SO2 (10, 11). Adipic acid was also tested (12) with mixed results. Sodium sulfite, sodium hydroxide, Fe++ compounds, Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic-acetic acid and disodium salt (EDTA) have been used as additives during simultaneous SO2 and N0X removal (Niro Process) (13). The emphasis in the Niro process was to improve the removal of NOx. 

Accurate comparison of results requires knowledge of reaction site density per unit surface area. Calcite materials used for kinetic study have included natural marbles, limestones, hydro-thermal crystals of Iceland spar, tests of calcareous organisms and laboratory and commercial precipitates. Surface areas, estimated by BET methods and graphical methods (based on particle size distribution) range from about 0.005 to 2 m g . There are apparent discrepancies between graphical and BET surface areas and the question is raised as to which type of surface area estimate is most representative of the reacting surface area. 

In 1987 Dr. Ken Simmons tested rainbow trout in the waters of Whetstone Brook in MA. He discovered that when the pH was 5.97, the trout did not spawn. Along with other scientists, he started an experiment to reduce the acidity of the stream by adding calcium carbonate, or limestone, in measured amounts. The calcium carbonate reacts with acid but is not toxic to the environment and does not risk raising the pH too much. The experiment caused the pH to rise to 6.54 over a three-year period. As a result the population of trout in the treated area increased and their health improved. According to Dr. Simmons, this is not a permanent solution, but rather a band-aid approach to the problem of stream acidification by acid rain. 

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