Cost of Option

The cost of an option is also important in deciding whether to implement an option in your shop. Therefore, this is also one of the factors in prioritizing the chosen options. The cost of an option can be rated as none or no cost to high cost. The ratings and point values are  

N = None = 4 points L = Low = 3 points M = Medium - 2 points H High - 1 point 

When evaluating an option s cost also keep in mind the savings that can be realized from implementation of the option. Such as a decrease in disposal costs, recordkeeping requirements, and transportation costs. 

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The four factors that are used in evaluating the options are 1) Waste Reduction Hierarchy (WRH), 2) Implementation Potential (IP), 3) Type of option, and 4) Cost of option. 

Our third constraint was the need to design a system that would run on a microcomputer with only the basic 640K of RAM. This need stems from two facts Most of EPA s microcomputers had that hardware configuration, and EPA wanted the maximum number of users to have access to CORA without incurring the high cost of option-laden microcomputer hardware or the connect-time costs and possible lack of access of a mainframe system. Finally, the fourth constraint was that the chosen software must not levy licensing fees on production copies. 

TNO (2006) Van der Gon et al. Study to the effectiveness of the UNECE persisitent organic pollutants (POP) protocol and costs of additional measures (Phase II Estimated emission reduction and cost of options for a possible revision of the POP Protocol) July 2006, prepared for Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment 2006-A-R0187/ B, order no. 35096 (cited by [3])... 

Option for Upper Walls and Roof Cost Relative to Cost of Option 1 Cost Relative to Cost of Option 1 with NPV of repainted steel after 7y... 

The cost and landfill effectiveness of each recycling option is shown in Table 4.9. Since option 2 requires only a larger truck on routes used for option 1, the cost of option 2 is only the incremental cost of running trucks slower to pick up, process and market the additional material. 

Comparing various economic options is often aided by graphing. Options 1 and 2 for the precooler are shown in the Figure 3.37. The cost of option 1 is assumed to be the energy needed to cool the seawater to 12 C from 20°C. The total cost increases linearly with time. The cost of option 2 begins with 30,000 to purchase the precooler it then increases linearly for 3 years, the life of the precooler. The slope of the curve for option 2 is less than that of option 1. In fact, the difference in slopes is 18,000/ year. Option 2 first crosses the curve for option 1 at 1.7 years, the first break-even point. Option 1 is briefly superior again at 3 years, when the precooler must be replaced, but thereafter option 2 remains the better choice. 

The fourth option, shown in Fig. 4.4FEED-IMPURITY separation is expensive. To use a purge, the FEED and IMPURITY must be adjacent to each other in order of volatility (again, assuming distillation as the means of separation). Care should be taken to ensure that the resulting increase in concentration of IMPURITY in the reactor does not have an adverse effect on reactor performance. 

Additional separation and recycling. Once the possibilities for recycling streams directly, feed purification, and eliminating the use of extraneous materials for separation that cannot be recycled efiiciently have been exhausted, attention is turned to the fourth option, the degree of material recovery from the waste streams that are left. One very important point which should not be forgotten is that once the waste stream is rejected, any valuable material turns into a liability as an effluent material. The level of recovery in such situations needs careful consideration. It may be economical to carry out additional separation of the valuable material with a view to recycling that additional recovered material, particularly when the cost of downstream effluent treatment is taken into consideration. 

The cost of the capital depends on its source. The source of the capital often will not be known during the early stages of a project, and yet there is a need to select between process options and carry out preliminary optimization on the basis of both capital and operating costs. This is difficult to do unless both capital and operating costs can be expressed on a common basis. Capital costs can be expressed on an annual basis if it is assumed that the capital has been borrowed over a fixed period (usually 5 to 10 years) at a fixed rate of interest, in which case the capital costs can be annualized according to... 

As a field matures, bottlenecks may appear in other areas, such as water treatment or gas compression processes, and become factors limiting oil or gas production. These issues can often be addressed both by surface and subsurface options, though the underlying justification remains the same the NPV of a debottlenecking exercise (net cost of action versus the increase in net revenue) must be positive. 

Initially, if operating costs can be divided based on production throughput, the satellite development project may look attractive. However, the unit costs of the declining host field will eventually exceed income and the satellite development may not be able to support the cost of maintaining the old facilities. If the old facilities can be partly decommissioned, and provision made for part of the abandonment cost, then the satellite development may still look attractive. The satellite development option should always be compared to options for independent development. 

Time, Cost, and Equipment Analysis time can vary from several minutes for samples containing only a few constituents to more than an hour for more complex samples. Preliminary sample preparation may substantially increase the analysis time. Instrumentation for gas chromatography ranges in price from inexpensive (a few thousand dollars) to expensive (more than 50,000). The more expensive models are equipped for capillary columns and include a variety of injection options and more sophisticated detectors, such as a mass spectrometer. Packed columns typically cost 50- 200, and the cost of a capillary column is typically 200- 1000. 

If the economics of recycling were improved, that option would become preferable for spent fuel because the permanent repository issues of the residual fission products would be simpler. The economic value of the energy generated from the recycled plutonium and uranium would substantially allay the costs of the repository as compared to the spent fuel throwaway option. 

Performance criteria for SCR are analogous to those for other catalytic oxidation systems NO conversion, pressure drop, catalyst/system life, cost, and minimum SO2 oxidations to SO. An optimum SCR catalyst is one that meets both the pressure drop and NO conversion targets with the minimum catalyst volume. Because of the interrelationship between cell density, pressure drop, and catalyst volume, a wide range of optional catalyst cell densities are needed for optimizing SCR system performance. 

If all these process and economic advantages are reahzed, the cost of electricity l be lowered, making circulating PFBC an extremely attractive coal-fired option for power generation. 

Once the options have been clearly defined it will be necessary to carry out a cost-benefit analysis of each option. This has two main objectives. First, the overall cost of the project will need to be assessed to determine whether or not it is financially viable and, second, to ensure that those who will be required to incur expenditure are fully aware of the commitment needed. The financial benefits to users of the waters for recreation, fisheries, navigation, etc., are relatively easy to determine, but monetary valuation of the environmental benefits such as conservation and general amenity will be more difficult to define. As yet this aspect of the cost-benefit analysis has not been fully developed in the UK. Having determined a range of options and costs for eutrophication control in a particular catchment, consultation on the details of the Action plan with all those involved is needed before any plan can be implemented. 

The work required to drive the turbine eompressor is reduced by lowering the compressor inlet temperature thus increasing the output work of the turbine. Figure 2-35 is a schematic of the evaporative gas turbine and its effect on the Brayton cycle. The volumetric flow of most turbines is constant and therefore by increasing the mass flow, power increases in an inverse proportion to the temperature of the inlet air. The psychometric chart shown shows that the cooling is limited especially in high humid conditions. It is a very low cost option and can be installed very easily. This technique does not however increase the efficiency of the turbine. The turbine inlet temperature is lowered by about 18 °F (10 °C), if the outside temperature is around 90 °F (32 °C). The cost of an evaporative cooling system runs around 50/kw. 

For clear labels, which arc growing in demand, manufacturers have turned to off-line-produced pressure-sensitive labels, which the labeler purchases and applies to the bottle. However, this option is very expensive, primarily because of the cost of the release paper. The adhesives used for such processes are those used in conventional PSA label manufacturing, as discussed elsewhere in this volume. 

Flue gas recirculation (FGR) is the rerouting of some of the flue gases back to the furnace. By using the flue gas from the economizer outlet, both the furnace air temperature and the furnace oxygen concentration can be reduced. However, in retrofits FGR can be very expensive. Flue gas recirculation is typically applied to oil- and gas-fired boilers and reduces NO, emissions by 20 to 50%. Modifications to the boiler in the form of ducting and an energy efficiency loss due to the power requirements of the recirculation fans can make the cost of this option higher. 

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