Lichens Umbilicaria

Pustulan (a glucan from the lichen Umbilicaria pustulata)... 

Lichen, Umbilicaria sp. whole 16 km vs. 90 km from nickel smelter Terrestrial vegetation Hyperaccumulator plants Most species Vegetables... 

Isol. from the lichens Umbilicaria pustu-lata and Umbilicaria spodochroa, sometimes in a partially acetylated form (1 Ac group for every 10-11 glycoside units). 

Activity Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). A sulfate (GE-3-S) prepared by chlorosulfonic acid treatment GE-3, a partially acetylated P(1 - 6)glucan from the lichen Umbilicaria esculenta (Miyoshi) Mink., inhibited the cytopathic effect of HIV in vitro (Hirabayashi et al. 1989). 

Manufacturing method After extracting from lichen, Umbilicaria pustulata, the acetyl group that is included in around 10% of the glucose residues is eliminated in a dilute sodium carbonate aqueous solution and is precipitation-purified using isopropanol. 

A sulfate prepared by chlorosulfonation of GE-3-, a partially acetylated P—(I 6) glucan of the lichen Umbilicaria esculenta, inhibited the cytopathic effect of human inununodeficiency virus (HIV) and suppressed the HlV-antigen expression in Molt-4 (clone 8) cells (371). Emodin, 7-chloroemodin, 7-chloro-l-O-methylemodin and 5,7-dichloroemodin have exhibited antiviral activity 738, 72). Stiibler et al. 675,676) investigated the antiviral activity of the glucan lichenan. Seventeen depsides and depsidones have been examined for their inhibitory activity against HIV integrase 559). Yamamoto et al. 743) tested the extracts of numerous lichens on their inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus activation. 

Richardson, D. H. S. Nieboer, E. (1983). The uptake of nickel ions by lichen thalli of the genera Umbilicaria and Peltigera. Lichenologist, 15, 81-8. 

France. In 1980 the Pb pollution produced by car exhausts on the adjacent motorway (A6) was assessed by means of several lichen species Cladonia portentosa, Cladonia chlorophaea, Lasallia pustulata, Umbilicaria grisea, H. physodes, P. caperata, Ever-nia prunastri, Lecanora conizaeoides and U. hirta. In 1992 these lichens were found to contain less Pb than twelve years previously. The average figure for all measured species in all sites displayed a similar decrease 3.2-3.S times less. The decrease of Pb fallout along the motorway was ascribed to the consumption of unleaded gasoline. 

Motivated by their wish to acquire basic knowledge on the elemental content of lichens in Antarctic regions and in Antarctica itself, a few authors collected and analyzed samples in different sites in and around this isolated continent. Bargagli et al. (1993) measured the Hg content of two species of macrolichens, Umbilicaria decussata and Usnea antartica, sampled on the coast of northern Victoria Land. These lichens contained higher Hg levels than lichens in other remote areas. It was suggested that a certain part of the airborne Hg, accumulated in the lichen, derived from local volcanic activity. 

Upreti, D.K., Pandev, V., 1994. Heavy metals of Antarctic lichens. 1. Umbilicaria. Feddes Repert. 105, 197-199. 

Huneck S, Schmidt J, Alstrup V (1995b) Lichen substances from subfossU and recent Umbilicaria cylindrica. Bibl Lichenol 57 231-239... 

Nishikawa Y, Tanaka M, Shibata S, Fukuoka F (1970) Polysaccharides of lichens and fungi. IV. Antitumor active 0-acetylated pustulan-type glucans from the lichens of Umbilicaria species. Chem Pharm Bull 18 1431-1434... 

Studies have also demonstrated that the production and/or content of secondary metabolites in lichens varied with changes in elevation. For example, it has been reported for Umbilicaria americana that lichen secondary metabolite production decreases with increasing elevation (Swanson et al. 1996). In contrast, Rubio et al. (2002) found increasing levels of rhizocarpic acid in Acarospora schleicheri with increasing elevation. The direct effects of elevation on the production of phenolic compounds by lichens may in fact be complicated by the dynamic interaction of various environmental factors. 

Bucar F, Schneider I, Ogmundsdottir H et al (2004) Antiproliferative lichen compounds with inhibitory activity on 12(S)-HETE production inhuman platelets. Phytomedicine 11 602-606 Bufukoglu TZ, Albayrak S, Halici MG et al (2013) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of extracts and lichen acids obtained from some Umbilicaria species from Central Anatolia, Turkey. J Food Process Preserv 37 1103-1110... 

Rankovic B, Misic M, Sukdolak S (2008) The antimicrobial activity of substances derived from the lichens Physcia aipolia, Umbilicaria polyphylla, Parmelia caperata and Hypogymnia physodes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24 1239-1242 Rankovic B, Kosanic M, Manojlovic N et al (2014) Chemical composition of Hypogymnia physodes lichen and biological activities of some its major metabolites. Med Chem Res 23 408-416 Rezanka T, Dembitsky V (1999) Novel brominated lipidic compounds from lichcms of Central Asia. Phytochemistry 51 963-968... 

Gulluce M, Aslan A, Sokmen M et al (2006) Screening the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the lichens Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Ramalina pollinaria, Ramalina polymorpha and Umbilicaria nylanderiana. Phytomedicine 13 515-521 Halama P, van Haluwin C (2004) Antifungal activity of lichen extracts and lichenic acids. Biocontrol 49 95-107... 

Rankovic B, Misic M, Sukdolak S (2007b) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the lichens Lasallia pustulata, Parmelia sulcata, Umbilicaria crustulosa and Umbilicaria cylindrical. Microbiology 76 723-727... 

Acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of the lichens Cetraria islandica, Lecanora atra, Parmelia pertusa, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Umbilicaria cylindrica were found to possess effective antioxidant activities (Kosanic and Rankovic 2011a). Antioxidant activities of the tested extracts were studied by DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and reducing... 

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