Parmelia sulcata

Modenesi, P., Piana, M. Pinna, D. (1998). Surface features in Parmelia sulcata (Lichenes) thalli growing in shaded or exposed habitats. Nova Hedwigia, 66, 535-47. 

In this work, the nuclear techniques INAA and PIXE were used in a lichen survey using Parmelia sulcata Taylor held in Portugal in 1993. The possibilities of the two techniques are discussed, and the elements determined by both are compared. It is presented the concentration patterns of 46 chemical elements and the assignment to pollution sources attempted and compared with results on factor analysis previously published. Results are also compared with other European surveys. 

Freitas, M.C., Nobre, A.S., 1997. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals using Parmelia sulcata e Parmelia caperata for air pollution studies. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 217 (1), 17-20. 

Freitas, M.C., Reis, M.A., Alves, L.C., Wolterbeek, H.Th., 1999a. Response of lichen Parmelia sulcata to environmental pollutants in Portugal. Environ. Pollut. 106, 229-235. 

In an additional study, Freitas (1995) analyzed the comparative accumulation of Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Se, Sb and Hg in two vascular plants, Cistus salvifolius and Inula viscosa and in the epiphytic lichen Parmelia sulcata in an industrial region occupied by a thermal coal-fired power station, a chemical plant and an oil refinery. Of the three organisms, the lichen P. sulcata was found to be the most effective bioaccumulator, as the above-mentioned elements accumulated in large amounts in the lichen. Thus, P. sulcata was recommended as a reliable bioindicator of air pollution. 

Freitas, M.C., 1994. Heavy metals in Parmelia sulcata collected in the neighborhood of a coal-fired power station. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 43-45, 207-212. 

The greater part of those studies which dealt with high levels of pollution, showed significant degrees of chlorophyll degradation. Von Arb and co-workers (Von Arb and Brunold, 1990 Von Arb et al., 1990) on the other hand, detected a high content of chlorophyll in polluted sites in Biel, Switzerland, for thalli of Parmelia sulcata, related with low rates of sulfate uptake and protein synthesis. 

Von Arb, C., Brunold, C., 1990. Lichen physiology and air pollution. 1. Physiological responses of in situ Parmelia sulcata among air pollution zones within Biel. Switzerland. Can. J. Bot. 68, 35 2. 

Von Arb, C., Mueller, C Ammann, K., Brunold. Ch. 1990. Lichen Physiology and air pollution. II. Statistical analysis of the correlation between SO, NO2, NO and O), and chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, sulphate uptake and protein synthesis of Parmelia sulcata Taylor. New Phytol. 115, 43I-M37. 

Caviglia, A.M., Modenesi, R, 1999. Oxidative stress and ascorbic acid contents in Parmotrema reticulatum and Parmelia sulcata thaUi. Lichenologist 31, 105-110. 

FIGURE 6.1 IR spectra of Hypogymnia physodes (a), Parmelia sulcata (b), Evemia mesomorpha (c) eaidXanthotiaparietina (d) samples 1-control 2-treated with 0.5% HNO3. 

It was found that the mid-resistant species Hypogymnia physodes h Parmelia sulcata exhibit the best indicator capability. There were essential changes in the spectra of these species. The changes in the chemical composition are accompanied by exterior alterations in the eoloration as well as in the thallus stmcture. There are good reasons for using these species in the monitoring of urban ecosystems. 

Usnea sp. Parmotrema sp. Peltigera sp. Cladonia sp. Lentinula sp. Ganoderma sp. Pleurotus sp. Flavoparmelia sp. Punctelia sp. Cladonia sp. Vulpicida canadensis Parmelia sulcata Letharia vulpina... 

Candan M, Yilmaz M, Tay T et al (2007) Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid cmistitiient. Z NaturfOTSch 62 619-621 Cox DD (2003) A naturalist s guide to finest plants an ecology fin Eastern North America. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY... 

Saanich (BC, Canada) Same as Saanich use of Parmelia sulcata (possible birth control) (Turner and Hebda 2012)... 

Rankovic B, Misic M, Sukdolak S (2007b) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the lichens Lasallia pustulata, Parmelia sulcata, Umbilicaria crustulosa and Umbilicaria cylindrical. Microbiology 76 723-727... 

Parmelia sulcata Jacobs and Ahmadjian (1969), Webber and Webber (1970)... 

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