Antarctic region

A unique family of O-linked glycoproteins permits fish to live in the icy seawater of the Arctic and Antarctic regions where water temperature may reach as low as — 1.9°C. Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) are found in the blood of nearly all Antarctic fish and at least five Arctic fish. These glycoproteins have the peptide structure... 

Fuel cells can serve as a generator, battery charger, battery replacements and heat supply. They can adapt to most environments, even locations in Arctic and Antarctic regions. 

CFCs released to the atmosphere evenmally find their way up to the stratosphere where they destroy the ozone layer which protects the Earth s surface from harmful ultra-violet radiation. During the last decades, the ozone layer has been severely depleted, both over the Antarctic region where the ozone hole now appears annually, but also over the northern hemisphere. Ozone depletion up to 40% has been recorded in each of the last three years over Northern Europe. 

A polynya is any non-linear area of open water surrounded by sea ice. It is used as a geographic term for areas of sea in Arctic or Antarctic regions which remain unfrozen for much of the year. 

Terpenes are the predominant natural product in green macroalgae and diatoms and related groups.92 With the exception of an evaluation of VHOC production, for which these algae are only minor producers,147143 there have been no published investigations of their secondary metabolite chemistry from Antarctic regions. 

Figure 4.7. The mean vertical distribution of (a) alkalinity and (b) total CO2 concentration normalized to the mean world ocean salinity value of 34.78. NA = North Atlantic, SA = South Atlantic, NP = North Pacific, SP = South Pacific, NI = North Indian, SI = South Indian, and A A = Antarctic region. (After Takahashi etal., 1980b.)...

Gage and Tyler (1991) stated that fungi, as prominent heterotrophic organisms in the oceans, are transported passively from the surface to the deep sea by rapidly sinking water masses in the Arctic and Antarctic regions and/or by attachment to sinking particulate substrate (Van Uden Fell, 1968 Kohlmeyer Kohlmeyer, 1979). Several substrates, such as wood, particulate organic matter, or chitin from the exoskeleton of... 

Nakazawa T., Machida T., Tanaka M., Fujii Y., Aoki S., and Watanabe O. (1993) Differences of the atmospheric CH4 concentration between the Arctic and Antarctic regions in pre-Industrial/pre-Agricultural era. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 943-946. 

Two additional processes besides carbon chemistry keep the atmospheric CO2 lower than it otherwise would be. One process is referred to as the solubility pump and the other as the biological pump. The solubility pump is based on the fact that CO2 is more soluble in cold waters. In the ocean, CO2 is —2 times more soluble in the cold mid-depth and deep waters than it is in the warm surface waters near the equator. Because sinking of cold surface waters in Arctic and Antarctic regions forms these mid-depth and deep waters, the formation of these waters with high CO2 keeps the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere lower than the average concentration of surface waters. 

Figure 4.7. The Antarctic region, showing sites ( ) where the isotopic composition of Pb has been measured.

Fig. 6.29 World ocean-surface currents viewed from the Antarctic region. Modified from Spilhaus (1942), with permission from the American Geographical Society.

Some RAPS facilities are located in Arctic and Antarctic regions where the dark season can last for several months and the temperature can drop below — 50°C. Obviously, batteries installed in PV-powered RAPS systems in these regions can experience low SoCs at sub-zero temperatures for extended periods of time. As might be expected, the two main failure modes of batteries operated under such duty are sulfation of the active material and freezing of the electrolyte [26]. The latter mode is particularly prevalent when the battery is in a discharged state. This is because the temperature at which sulfuric acid freezes increases with decreasing relative density. (Note, it is quite unusual for a fully charged battery to experience this problem.)... 

Lichen biomonitoring of airborne elements in remote areas, including Arctic and Antarctic regions... 

Motivated by their wish to acquire basic knowledge on the elemental content of lichens in Antarctic regions and in Antarctica itself, a few authors collected and analyzed samples in different sites in and around this isolated continent. Bargagli et al. (1993) measured the Hg content of two species of macrolichens, Umbilicaria decussata and Usnea antartica, sampled on the coast of northern Victoria Land. These lichens contained higher Hg levels than lichens in other remote areas. It was suggested that a certain part of the airborne Hg, accumulated in the lichen, derived from local volcanic activity. 

According to Baeza et al. (1994), the radioactive contamination of sea and land in the Antarctic regions derives from the fallout of atmospheric atomic explosions executed since 1945, apart from emissions made by nuclear and radioactive facilities. The authors examined samples of U. antartica collected near the Spanish Antarctic Base, Juan Carlos I, situated on Livingston Island in the South Shetland archipelago in... 

Baeza, A., Miro, C., Paniaga, J.M., Navarro, E.. Rodriguez, M.J., Sanchez, E., 1994. Natural and artificial radioactivity levels in Livingston Island (Antarctic regions). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52, 117-124. 

Venkatesan M. I. (1988) Organic geochemistry of marine sediments in Antarctic region marine lipids in McMurdo Sound. Org. Geochem. 12, 13-27. 

Coxiella burnetii is abacterial obligate intracellular pathogen and the etiologic agent of human acute and chronic Q fever. The organism has an impressively broad host range that includes arthropods (primarily ticks), fish, birds, and a variety of mammals (1). C. burnetii has a worldwide distribution with the exception of Antarctic regions and New Zealand (2,3). In both wild and domestic animals. 

Beyens, L. (2005). The genus Stauroneis (Bacillariophyceae) in the Antarctic region. Journal of Biogeography 32, 1791-1798. 

Antarctic regions have lower nematode richness than do Arctic regions. 

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