Lesion medullary

Renal Effects. Hemorrhage of the medullary layer of the kidneys was reported in three persons who died following ingeshon of endosulfan (Terziev et al. 1974). Acute renal failure was a major contributor to the deaths of two individuals who ingested unknown amounts of endosulfan (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992 Loetal. 1995). In both cases, postmortem examination revealed extensive tubular necrosis. In contrast, no kidney lesions were found in a man who died 4 days after ingesting approximately 260 mg endosulfan/kg (Boereboom et al. 1998). 

Holmes, C. J. Jones, B. E. (1994). Importance of cholinergic, GABAergic, serotonergic and other neurons in the medial medullary reticular formation for sleep-wake states studied by cytotoxic lesions in the cat. Neuroscience 62, 1179-200. 

Microscopic lesions of the proventricular epithelium, pectoral muscles, brain, proximal tubular epithelium of the kidney, and bone medullary osteocytes... 

Structures implicated in the production or maintenance of sleep include the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal medullary reticular formation, raphe nuclei, thalamus, anterior hypothalamus, preoptic area, basal forebrain, orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. None of these structures are individually necessary for sleep. No lesion has produced a long lasting total insomnia. After some sleep-reducing lesions, sleep returns toward normal if sufficient time is allowed for recovery. 

Structures implicated in the production of wakefulness and/or cortical arousal include the ventral medullary reticular formation, oral pontine reticular formation, midbrain reticular formation, posterior hypothalamus, subthalamus, certain areas of the basal forebrain, and the cortical mantle. None of these brain areas are individually necessary for the production or maintenance of wakefulness or arousal. Normal or near-normal wakefulness-arousal results when lesions are produced gradually or when sufficient time is allowed for recovery. 

Subcortical white matter infarcts may mimic a superficial MCA infarct causing a partial anterior circulation syndrome or present as a lacunar syndrome (pure motor, ataxic hemiparesis or sensori motor stroke). Superficial perforating artery infarcts (medullary branches) are often accompanied by cortical spotty lesions. Borderzone and white matter medullary branches infarctions are usually caused by hypoperfusion due lo large vessel occlusion or stenosis (Bogousslavsky 1993 Donnan and Yasaka 1998), but white matter medullary branches infarction can also be caused by cardioembolism (Lee et al. 2003). 

Pure motor stroke constitutes about 50% of lacunar cases. It consists of a unilateral motor deficit involving two or three areas, the face, upper arm and/or leg, including the whole of each area that is affected. There are often sensory symptoms but no sensory signs. The lesion occurs at locations where the motor pathways are closely packed together and separate from other pathways usually in the internal capsule or pons, sometimes the corona radiata or cerebral peduncle, and rarely in the medullary pyramid. There may be a flurry of immediately preceding TIAs, the so-called capsular warning syndrome (Donnan et al. 1996). 

Kim JS, Lee JH, Choi CG (1998). Patterns of lateral medullary infarction. Vascular lesion magnetic resonance imaging correlation of 34 cases. Stroke 29 645-652... 

Lynch, B.S. Tischler, A.S. Capen, C. Munro, I.C. McGirr, L.M. McClain, R.M. Low digestible carbohydrates (polyols and lactose) significance of adrenal medullary proliferative lesions in the rat. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmac. 1996, 23, 256-297. 

Ingested furfural has produced liver cirrhosis in rats. Rabbits exposed to vapors for several hours a day manifested hepatic and renal lesions and modifications in blood picture. Administration of a single lethal dose produced a pronounced inhibitory effect on the medullary vegetative centers and brain nuclei with signs of congestion in liver, kidneys, and brain, with degenerative lesions in liver and kidneys. 

Derouiche, A., Berry, M., and Sievers, J., Regeneration of axons into the trochlear rootlet after anterior medullary lesions in the rat is specific for ipsilateral IVth nerve motomeurones, J. Comp. Neurol., 341, 340, 1994. 

In order to test the NMR-PR approach further, the time course of metabolic urinary changes induced by two renal toxins has been investigated in detail. In this case, toxic lesions were induced in Fisher 344 rats by a single acute dose of the renal cortical toxin mercury(II) chloride and the medullary toxin 2-bromoethanamine. The rat urine was collected for up to 9 days after dosing and was analysed using NMR spectroscopy. The onset, progression and recovery of the lesions were also followed using histopath-... 

Exposure to 480 mg for 60 min caused mortalities in rats (10% males, 5% females) and hamsters (males 34%, females 25%). Lungs of rats that died had congestion of alveolar capillaries and intrapulmonary veins, intra-alveolar hemorrhages, and patchy pulmonary edema. A few rats showed centrilobular or midzonal hepatic necrosis, and kidneys had extensive tubular necrosis, mainly medullary. Hamsters that died within 48 h had pulmonary congestion, intra-alveolar hemorrhages, and pulmonary edema. Kidneys showed corti-comedullary necrosis. Hamsters dying after 48 h showed minimal pulmonary lesions, but renal tubular necrosis was present. 

The three most common special types of invasive cancer are tubular, medullary, and mucinous. Medullary carcinoma is a well-defined lesion with a characteristic microscopic appearance that includes a well-circumscribed border, intense infiltration with small lymphocytes, and other factors. It accounts for 5% to 7% of all breast carcinomas and is believed to have a better prognosis than infiltrat-... 

Komminoth P, Roth J, Saremaslani P, et al. Polysialic acid of the neural cell adhesion molecule in the human thyroid A marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma and primary C-cell hyperplasia An immunohistochemical study on 79 thyroid lesions. Am Surg Pathol. 1994 18 399-411. 

Pentavalent Tc(V)-DMSA differs structurally and has been evaluated for imaging medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (Ohta et al. 1984 Ramamoorthy et al. 1987). The sensitivity of lesion detection is 95% no false positive uptake of Tc(V)-DMSA was seen in nine patients with a histologic diagnosis of medullary carcinoma. Accumulation of Tc(V)-DMSA was seen in both bone and soft tissue metastases. In comparison, 99mrpc-MDP detected all known metastases in bone, but none in soft tissue (Clarke et al. 1988). 

Jakus J, Stransky A, Poliacek I, Barani H, Bosel ova L (1998) Effects of medullary midUne lesions on cough and other airway reflexes in anaesthetized cats. Physiol Res 47 203-213 Jakus J, Stransky A, Poliacek I, Barani H, Bosel ova L (2000) Kainic acid lesions to the lateral tegmental field of medulla Effects on cough, expiration and aspiration reflexes in anesthetized cats. Physiol Res 49 387-398... 

Pathologically and clinically, analgesic-associated nephropathy is primarily a tubular-interstitial disease. The initial lesions appear to involve the renal papillae whith focal areas of necrosis, followed by scarring of the medullary interstitium and later by the changes of chronic interstitial nephritis in the cortex. The pathognomonic lesion is sclerosis of the lower urinary tract capillaries (Mithatsch et al. 1979). Mild to moderate pyuria (1.0 g/day) is usually present, but no red cell casts are found in the sediment. 

---