Legislation Europe

D. Perchard Impact of Legislation—Europe. In Murphy, Mary. (ed.). Packaging and the Environment. Surrey Pira International, pp. 31-45 (1992). 

Another important potential appHcation for fuel cells is in transportation (qv). Buses and cars powered by fuel cells or fuel cell—battery hybrids are being developed in North America and in Europe to meet 2ero-emission legislation introduced in California. The most promising type of fuel cell for this appHcation is the SPEC, which uses platinum-on-carbon electrodes attached to a soHd polymeric electrolyte. 

United States production and price statistics ate presented in Table 2. The demand for trichloroethylene in the United States has been shrinking sharply since 1970 because of pressures from environmental and safety legislation. Similar pressures have weakened the demand in Europe and Japan. 

During these two decades, almost every country in Europe, as well as Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, experienced serious air pollution in its larger cities. As a result, these countries were the first to enact national air pollution control legislation. By 1980, major national air pollution research centers had been set up at the Warren Springs Laboratory, Stevenage, England the Institut National de la Sante et de las Recherche Medicale at... 

In the UK and most of Europe, it is illegal to dispose of refrigerant in anyother way than through an authorized waste disposal company. The UK legislation expects that anyone handling refrigerants is competent to do so and has the correct equipment and containers. Disposal must be through an approved contractor and must be fully documented. Severe penalties may be imposed for failure to implement these laws. 

The proposed European Directive (i.e., EU law) on the patenting of computer-implemented inventions [8] has led to a debate in Europe on the desirability of patents on software. The debate recently culminated in a vote by the European Parliament, which rejected the proposed legislation [9]. 

One of the conclusions from the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (the Earth Summit) was the urgent need to find a more sustainable way of life, based on careful use of resources and a reduction in environmental emissions. There was also a call to move towards a model in which environmental enhancement is fully integrated with economic development. The consequences of this summit have been far-reaching not least by the fact that, in Europe and elsewhere, environmental protection requirements are now integrated into many policies rather than being separate pieces of legislation. Indeed Article 2 of the EC treaty states that the Community shall. .. promote throughout the Community harmonious, balanced and sustainable development of economic activities This may be viewed as the first step towards... 

With reference to Europe, America, and a typical developing country, discuss how legislation affects the chemical industry, with particular emphasis on building new chemical plants. 

The key legislative requirements are covered by the USA FDA 176.170 (aqueous fatty food contact), FDA 176.180 (dry food contact), FDA 176.230 (Thione use) and in Europe, the German BGVV 36 (food contact). Hence the preservatives used to protect these types of additives need to have these approvals in order to guarantee their safe use in the desired end application. 

Although these are all used across Europe, the hierarchy of these has altered slightly due to the influences of environmental legislation. For example, Chloro-isothiazolone has been identified as a skin sensitiser and hence therefore lost its number one position as a controlling agent. New actives such as the Octyl - isothiazolone have recently been introduced as a more stable molecule where it is hoped that lower levels can be used reducing environmental and human safety aspects. 

In terms of legislative regulation of herbal products, several countries are more advanced compared to the United States and Canada. In Western Europe herbal... 

Jerome O. Nriagu. The Rise and Fall of Leaded Gasoline. The Science of the Total Environment. 92 (1990) 13-28. An authoritative history of leaded gasoline. The source for airplane octane lead industry pays Kehoe s salary one of few environmentally unsafe products forced out of market place one of top 10 chemicals in U.S. Esso slogan compression ratio and valve seat recession Kettering about automobile at crossroads, Europe versus U.S. 90 percent all U.S. gas and 80 percent worldwide autos after 20 years of TEL TEL drove U.S. transport lead removed from Ethyl trade name and Ethyl s control of publications and environment to be monitored by voluntary self-regulation, not legislation. 

However, this request of more animal testing faces several issues. There is an ethical concern on the millions of animals used every year for experiments. These tests are also those more expensive, and thus this poses questions about the costs for these experiments and the resources to cover them. Many of these tests, especially the chronic ones, require long times, years in some cases. The number of available laboratories in Europe to cover this potential request is insufficient. For all these reasons, some European regulations foresee the use of methods alternative to animal tests, such as the REACH legislation, and actually the cosmetics directive foresees the complete ban of animal tests for cosmetics by 2013. 

Several other countries in the Europe and Asia also have appropriate legislation and programs for managing waste ELs. These initiatives include the following ... 

Regarding the maximum legislated levels of these compounds, the European Council has recently adopted the Directive 2008/105/CE [57] which sets quality standards for the 33 priority pollutants in surface waters. For sediments, however, there are no legislative limits in Europe and to accomplish the legislation it is only necessary to show an improvement in concentration over the previous year s level. 

Legislation governing the discharge of sodium sulphate in pulp mill effluents is anticipated in Northern Europe and Scandinavia during the 1990s [271]. The keys to success are ... 

Two companies from Europe, PANalytical and DSM Resolve, have introduced a set of standards for the analysis of toxic elements in PE, as a tool to assist PE producers achieve compliance with international legislation governing emissions. Brief details are given of the new standards, available under the name of Toxel . PANALYTICAL BV DSM RESOLVE... 

The carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic compound-rich tyre extender oils has lead to the proposal of a legislative ban on their use in Europe. The suitability of naphthenic oils as non-toxic plasticisers in tyre treads is discussed and results are presented of experimental studies of the use of these plasticisers in SBR, EPDM, sulphur-cured EPDM and peroxide-cured EPDM. Despite their low aromatic content, the naphthenic plasticisers are shown to give good results in SBR, probably as a result of the contribution to solvent characteristics of the naphthenic molecular structure. The use of naphthenic oils is expected to increase worldwide as they are said to be one of the best alternatives to aromatic extracts with regard to solvent properties, compatibility, performance and availability. 

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